NCERT Textbook Questions

Answers/Solutions

v{l. Define the term 'runorphou s'. Give a few examples packing (HCP) in three dimensions each atom (or constituent
r of amorphous solids. particle) is touching 12 other atoms. So its coordination number
I

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Hint: See Text-Section 1.3. ~0 (b) (i) In cubic close-packed structure each atom
..m
IS
1.2. What makes a glass different from a solid such as
quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be con- direct contact with 12 other atoms. Hence, its coordination
,1erted into glass? numberis W
Solution. Glass is an amorphous form of silica. In glass, SiO4 (ii) In body centred cubic structure coordination
tetrahedra are randomly joined to each other. Glass does not numjer isl!]
have a long range regular structure and no sharp melting poinf l.¥How can you determine the atomic mass of an
On heating, it softens and melts over a wide range of unknown metal if you know its density and the
temperature . -z_ J,{
dimension of its unit cell? Explain.
Quartz is a crystalline form of silica. In quartz, SiO4 p - ----- q.orrr
tetrahedra are regularly joined to each other and have long Hint: d = z xM g cm--3 tt '7 l\"" ~
..> -
range regular arrangemen t. It has a sharp melting point. If a 3 x NA x 10-3o
is melted and the melt is cooled very rapidly, it changes Knowing atomic mass M, z, d and NA' the atomic mass,
·m ass.
a of~e element can determined.
1 Iassify each of the following solids as ionic,
metallic, molecular, network (covalent) or amorphous .
Ijt.'Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude
of its melting point.' Comment. Collect melting point of
(a) Tetraphos phorus decoxide (P4 0 10 ) solid water, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and methane
(b ) Graphite (c) Brass from a data book. What can you say about the intermo-
(d) Ammonium phosphate (NH4 ) 3 PO 4 lecular forces between these molecules. ,
(e) SiC (f) Rb Solution. A solid having stronger interparticle_forces has
(g) 12 (h) LiBr higher melting point and is Il!..Ore stable. Thus, we can get an
idea about stability of a crystal from its melting point. _More
(i) P {j) Si
4 stable crystals have higher melting points than less stable
(k) Plastic. crystals. 'l'hus, It IS correct to say that stability of a crystal is
Solution. (a) Tetraphosp horus decoxide (P4 O10): Molecular reflected in magnitude of its melting point.
(b) Graphite: Covalent (or network) By studying the melting point of water, ethyl alcohol,
(c) Brass: Metallic diethyl ether and methane we find that their melting points
increase in following order:
(d) Ammonium phosphate: Ionic
Methane < diethyl ether < ethyl alcohol < water
(e) SiC: Covalent (or network)
Water having highest melting point has the strongest
(f) Rb: Metallic (g) I 2 : Molecular
interparticle forces whereas methane having lowest melting
(h) LiBr: Ionic (i) P 4 : Molecular point has the weakest intermolecu lar forces.
(j) Si: Covalent (network) The intermolec:u lar forces in these molecules are in the
/ (k) Plastic: Amorphous . 0rd
/ Methane < diethyl ether < ethyl alcohol < water
1.1.}(a) What is meant by the term 'coordinat ion
number'? ~ Ho~ will you distinguish between the following
(b) What is the coordinati on number of atoms pairs of yerms:
(i) in a cubic close-pack ed structure? ~) Hexagonal close packing and cubic close
(ii) in a body centred cubic structure? / papking.
Solution. (a) The number of~earest neighbours) in a packing --{h) _0-ystal lattice and unit cell.
is called coordinatio n number. For example, in hexagonal close ~Tetrahe dral void and octahedral void.
 eo•/JfeeAUl4tue CHEMISTRY (Vol. _
ll-Xil
Solutio n (a) s
:~ery
. • T
. ee ext-Sectwn .
1. 7. In hexagonal close pack-
third layer is similar to .the first layer. Thus there is
~: ·· _arrangement. In cubic close packing every fourth
1ayer is
.11. Silve r crystal lises in fe e lattice . If edge length of
t h e cell is 4.077 x 10-s cm and density is 10.5 g cm-a
SJmilar to first thus, there is ABC ABC calc ul a t e th e a t omic mass of silver. '
ment. ·.. arrange- Solutio n. Given edge length of unit cell, a = 4.077 x 10~ ctn
(b) See Text-Sections 1.4 and J.5. Density, d = 10.5 g cm- 3, Molar mass = M
(c) See Text-Section 1.8. Number of atoms in fee unit cell, z = 4;
~.8. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell Avogadro constan t, NA= 6.023 x 1023
m each. <>/
0 the follow ing lattices
? We know that density, dis given by,
~ Face centre d cubic
{i'jb)Face centred tetragonal zM d a NA
d = - - or M = -
a3NA
-~
z
3

'.¥Bod y centre d.
Sol'}ii on. See Solved Exampl e 1.11. l0.5 g cm - 3 x (4.077 x 10- 8)3 cm 3 x 6.023 x 10 23 mol - 1
~Exp lain: M= 4
WThe basi~ of similar ities and differe nces be- = 107.8 g mo1- 1
~ j,ween metalli c and ionic crystal s. :. Atomic mass of silver= 107.8 u.
i!!/ Ionic solids are hard and brittle.
Solutio n. (a) The similari ties and differences between me- 2. A cubic solid is made of two elemen ts P and Q.
tallic and ionic crystals are described as follows: ~toms Q are at the corner s of the cube and P at the
body centre. What is the formul a of the compo und?
(i) The constitu ent particle s in metallic crystals are
What are the coordin ation numbe rs of P and Q?
positive ions immers ed in a sea of@iobile electrons. )
In ionic solids the constitu ent particles are cations Solutio n. The atom at corner makes 1 contn"bu t·ion while
and anions. 8
atom at bo~y centre makes 1 contribu tion to the unit cell.
(ii) The binding force in metallic solids is metallic bond
. 1
wherea s in ionic solids is ionic 1!9.nd~ No. of atoms of Q per unit cell = 8 (at corners ) x
(iii) Metalli c solids are good conductors of eleetricity 8 =1
while ioni~ are_had._c.onductors. No. of atoms of P per unit cell = 1 (at body centre) x 1
(iv) Metalli c solids are malleab le and ductile whlfreas
=1
ionic solids ~ _grjttle. · :. Formul a of the compound is PQ
Both metalli ca:s;ell as ionic solids are hard, have high
The atom at the body centre would be in contact with
melting points and ~onguct el~ci: y in ~giolten stath_.--==--=--
the atoms at the corners: Hence, the coordin ation number
Both metallic as well as 10mc ·crystals have(t~ arged
particles"\ yvhich are held by {trong electrostati~ force~ ~s
forms th~ basis of similari ties of certain properties of metallic
and .ionic solids.
However, in ionic solids, ~he{ions are not freeAto move
1 P would be 8. Similarly, coordination number of Q is also 8.
13. Niobiu m .crystal lizes in body centre d cubic struc-
ture. H density is 8.55 g cm""3. Calcul ate atomic radius
of niobium . Atomic mass of niobiu m is 93 u.
in solid state wherea s/fu metallic crystals the elech-ons are
Solutio n. In a body centred cubic structur e, the n~~r of
delocalized),Thi s forms ihe basis of differences in metallic:~ d
atoms per unit cell = 2
ionic crystals . ,
(b) Ionic· splids are hard and brittle because ni ioni~ Mass per unit cell = 2 x Mass per atom
solids, '\2.118 are held togethe r by strong electrostatic,,
forces in the lattice ~e~ suffi~en t ~or~e is applied = 2x 93g
23
n an ionic crysta~ , the ions with similar charges 6.O2x10
; ome close due to displacement and the crystal Volume of the unit cell= (a x 10-10)3 cm3
shatter s due to repulsion between similarly charged where a is the edge length of the unit cell in picome ters (pm)
/ ions.
1.lQ/Calcul ate the efficien cy
metal cryytal for
zf p king in case of a
. Density = Mass of the unit cell
Volume of the unit cell
,vi> ;,unple cubic Body centred cubic 8.55 g cm3 = 2 x 93 g
- ~ ace centred cubic 6.02 x 1023 x a 3 x 10--3° cm3
. (with the assump tion that atoms are touchin g
e a ch other). a3 = 2 X 93
6.02 X 1023 X 10-30 X S. 7
Hint: See Text-Section 1.9.
55 = 3.61 X 10
a = 3.305 x 102 pm = 330.5 pm
 THE SOLID STATE
35
But in BCC \lnit cell, body diagonal iRequal l() 4 t,i me!l
the radius of atom. . .. - 4 X 63.n g mo1- 1 22
Maas of un,t cell - ~ = 4.22 x Hr g
fl.02 x 10 2· mo! - 1
4r = ./3 a = J3 x 330.5 pm
r - 1.. 3 p · Mass of the u.nit cell
Density
- .,., m Volume of the uni t cell
/ Radius of niobium at.um = 143 pm. 22

J/ f
4 h
· If t e rad~us of the octah(',drru void is rand radius
th
e atoms in <'lo~e packing is R., derive relation
=
4.22 X 10- g
47.4 x 10-
~
24 cm:i =8' 91 cm ·

between r and R.
Thus, the calcu lated value of density is in agreement
• ·
lh the measured value of density.

:
Solution. An octahedral . 'd •
octah . . .
,;;:™ 18
. ..
voi is shown m Fig. 1.41. Though J . 16, Analysis shows that nickel oxide has formula
void SUJTounded by six spheres, only four are
Z
½
Ni 0.9AO t.oo . What fractions of the nickel exist as Ni 2+
own . e spheres present above and below the void are not and Ni 8 • ions? - 1, ,

shown . Let us assume that each length of the square ABCD i~: ,,t o tion. See Solved Example 1.38.
acm. Ln
_).Irr-·
.17. What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main
.,,. _ _... , .. types of semi conductors and contrast their conduction
,, '' , mechanisms.
, ',,
1
'
'I
Dr---+'---,
' C '
I Hint: See Text-Section 1.12.

~Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu 0 can be

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,:. .... , prepared in laboratory. In this oxide, copper to oxygen

,
r, '\
'
ratio is slightly less than 2 : 1. Can you' account the for
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fact that the substance is a p -type semiconductor ?
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\
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I\
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I Solution. Since copper t.o oxygen ratio is slightly less than
'
' , ___ , ,'
I \
'.... , ___ , ,
_,
2 : 1, it indicates that some of the ~• ions are missing from
their sites leaving behind holes. The electrical neutrality is
Octahedral void with radius r
maintained by some of the copper ions acquiring +2 charge.
Due to the presence of the holes non-stoichiometric cuprous
Fig. 1.41 · behaves as a p-type semiconductor.
In right angled ~ ABC, Ferric oxide crystallises in a h exagonal close
packed an-ay of oxide ions with two out of every three
The diagonal AC= JAB 2 + BC2 = Ja 2 + a2 = ../2.a octahedral holes occupied by ferric ions. Derive the
But formula of the ferric oxide.
AC =2R+2r
Solution. In hexagonal close packed arrangement of oxide
2R+2r=..J2a ions, each oxide ion has one octahedral hole associated with
it.
But a =2R
For each 02-- ion there is one octahedral void in the 'r--:
2R+2r=..J2 .2R structure and two out of three are occupied by Fe3+ ion.
2 •,
3.
Dividing by 2R we get Number of Fe 3+ ions present per oxide ion = 1
'

Thus, the formula of ferric oxide should be Fe2 0 1 or Fe 0 3 .

.!... = ./2 - 1 = 1.414 - 2

~
R

- Copper crys tallises into FCC lattice with ed_ge

1 = 0.414.

/4. Classify each of the following a s b: ing either a

p-type or a n ~e sg,_miconductor: ~~
length 3.62 x 1()-8 cm. Show that the calcuJ~ted dens1~
(i) Ge doped with In (ii) B doped with Si
is in agreement w ith its measured value of 8.92 g cm --1•
Solution. Volume of the unit cell = (362 x 10- 10) 3 cm 3
= 47.4 x 10- 24 cm 3
.*
S olution . (i) Ge is an element of group-14 and has
configuration 4s 24p 2
')
has been doped with In, a g;roup-13
element havi~5pl configuration. All three valence
Molar mass of copper = 63.5 g moJ-l electrons of In get bonde<l with three out of the four electrons
In a fare centred e,ubic unit rell, there are four at.omB per of Ge. Thus, the fo\lrth bond of Ge contains only one electron
unit cell.
 ~ CHEMfSTAY (Vol. 1)-XII

and hence is an electron deficie nt bond or a holP.. Condu ctivit_y 8oluUon. (a} In cubic cln,se packed st;ructu re, the face diagonal
is due to these holes or electro n deficie nt bonds. Therefore, it of t.hc unit cell is equal to four times the at.om.ic radiu11
is a p-type semico nducto r. F11ce di egonaJ 4Y r
:11

2 1
(ii) Boron, Bis an elemen t of grou,p-13 and hatt2s ~ ::: 4 x 125 pm = 500 pm
confi~ tatiQD. It is doped with Si , an elemen t of group-.14
havinf 3s 23~ configuration. All three electro ns of boron get But face diagonal = J2 x edge length
bond~ with 13 'but ot; 4 electro ns of Si and 4th electro n of Face diagonal
impuri fy atom (i.e., Si l ts f'8SJ)onsi ble for conduc tivity. Thus it .-. Edge length =
Ji,
is a n-type semiconductor. - · ---
500
t.21 . Gold (atomi c radius = 0.144 nm) crysta llises in a = /2 =364p m
. ._Jae~ centre d unit cell. What is the leng_th of a side of the
cell? F-CC-: 2 :- !.J. {~-"- ; lf? (b) Volume of one unit ce11 = a
3

Soluti on. Radius of gold atom, r = 0.144 run = (3.54 x l o-8 cm.>3
In face centred unit cell, face diagon al =4r = J2 a 1.00 cm 3
3 _8 )3 cm 3
No. of unit cells 1.00 cm = ( _ x
3 54 10
4r ~
a= ./2 = 2v2r = 2.26 X 1022.

= 2 x 1.414 x 0.144 run = 0.407 run 1 ?./4e-conc

NaCl is doped with lo-8 mol
entrat ion of cation vacan cies ?
SrC1 % of 21 what
7tii
/ Edge length of unit cell, a = 0.407 nm.

d ln ~ nns of hand t heory, what is the differe nce

(i) betwe en a condu ctor and an insula tor,
Soluti on. Every Sr2+ ion causes one cation vacancy (because
two Na+ ions are replaced by one Sr2+).
Therefore, introduction of lo-3 moles of SrC12 per 100
(ii) betwe en a condu ctor and a semic onduc tor? moles of NaCl would introduce lo-3 mole cation vacancies in
Hin f See Text-Section 1.12. 100 mole of NaCl.

d . E xpl ai n the foll o w ing terms with suitab le :. No. of vacancies per mole of NaCl
examp les : 10-3 18
(i) Schot tky defect (i i) Frenk el defect / = x 6.02 x 1023 = 6.02 x10 vacan cies
100
(iii ) Inters titials (i v) F -centr es

Eli.nt: See TextrSection 1.11. ~ Explain the following with suitable examples:
feITom agneti sm
(a) (b) param agneti sm
L.'4,. Alum inium crystallizes in a cubic close packe d ferrim agneti sm
(c)
~ctu re. Its metall ic radius is 125 pm.
(d) 12-16 and 13-15 compo unds
(a ) What is the length of the side of the un,it cell?
(b) How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm of
3
Hint: See Text-Sections 1.13 and 1.12.
alumi nium?

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