Emerging technology Assignment

Group 3

Group members
1.AmannuelAbebe..............................0664
2.EyobedTemesgen............................1879
3.AbinetBrihanu..................................1629
4.MolalignTadele................................1145
5.EfremEyob........................................1842

3/3/2025

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 Introduction

The document provides an overview of several

advanced technologies, including nanotechnology,
structured and unstructured data, blockchain,
cybersecurity, and cloud computing. Each section
explains the fundamental concepts, applications, and
significance of these technologies in various industries.

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 1. What is nanotechnology? Write down some
applications of nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology
conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100
nanometers.

Nanotechnology is the interdisciplinary field focused on

manipulating matter at the nano scale (1–100 nanometers),
where unique physical, chemical, and biological properties
emerge due to quantum effects and increased surface-area-
to-volume ratios. It combines principles from physics,
chemistry, biology, and engineering to design materials,
devices, and systems with unprecedented precision. The
concept was popularized by physicist Richard Feynman in his
lecture, "There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom."on December
29,1959.

Feynman described a process in which scientists would be

able to manipulate and control individual atoms and
molecules.

– Feynman is called the father of nanotechnology

Applications of nanotechnology

1, Medicine

 Targeted Drug Delivery;

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 - Liposomes or gold nanoparticles deliver chemotherapy
drugs directly to cancer cells.

- Example: Doxil® (liposomal doxorubicin) reduces heart

toxicity.

 Diagnostics: Nanosensors detect biomarkers for early

disease diagnosis. (e.g., glucose levels)

- Example: Wearable patches for diabetes monitoring.

 Regenerative Medicine: Nanoscaffolds support tissue

growth for organ repair.

2. Energy

 Perovskite Solar Cells:

- Nanostructured layers improve light absorption, achieving

>30% efficiency.

 Solid-State Batteries:

- Nanocomposite electrolytes enable faster charging and

higher capacity.

3. Environment:

 Nanofilters:

- Remove heavy metals (e.g., arsenic) and pathogens from

water. i.e Water Purification

- Example: Tata Group’s Swach water purifier.

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  Nanocatalysts:

- Break down industrial pollutants (e.g., NOx emissions).

i.e Pollution Control

4,Construction

– Nanotechnology can possibly make development quicker,

less expensive , more secure, and more changed.

Computerization of nanotechnology development can take into
account the formation of structures from cutting edge homes to
enormous high rises substantially more rapidly and at much lower
expense

5 ,Information and communication

– Current high-innovation generation techniques are in view of

customary top-down procedures, where nanotechnology has as of
now been presented noiselessly.

The basic length size of incorporated circuits is as of now at the

nanoscale (50 nm and underneath) with respect to the entryway
length of transistors in CPUs or DRAM gadgets

6, Electronics

- Nanochips: Enable smaller, faster semiconductors (e.g., 5nm

transistors in CPUs).

- Flexible Electronics: Nanomaterials like graphene allow

bendable screens and wearable devices.

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7, Agriculture

– Uses of nanotechnology can possibly change the whole

agriculture part and nourishment industry anchor from generation
to preservation, handling, bundling, transportation, and even
waste treatment.

2. What is structured and unstructured data? Which of

the two is the influencer of AI?
Structured Data : Organized in fixed schemas
(rows/columns), stored in relational databases.
- Examples: Sales records, sensor logs, SQL tables.
Easily queried and analyzed using traditional tools like
Excel or BI software.
Unstructured Data
- No predefined format, constituting ~90% of global data.
Examples: Emails, social media posts, videos, medical
images, audio recordings.
- Requires advanced tools (e.g., NLP, computer vision) for
processing.

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 Structured Data Unstructured data

Format  Tables, CSV  Text, image and

audio

Tools  SQL, Excel  NLP, TensorFlow

Use case  Financial  AI training

reports

Influencer of AI:
Unstructured data is the primary driver of AI innovation. Modern AI systems,
such as:

- Natural Language Processing (NLP): Trained on text from books, tweets,

and articles (e.g., ChatGPT).

- Computer Vision: Analyzes images/videos for facial recognition (e.g.,

Facebook tagging) or autonomous vehicles.

- Speech Recognition: Processes audio data (e.g., Siri, Alexa).

Structured data still plays a role (e.g., training fraud detection models), but
unstructured data’s complexity and volume enable deeper learning and
adaptability.

 Why Unstructured Data Drives AI;

Volume and Variety

Complex Pattern Recognition

Real-World Impact

3,What is Blockchain technology? Briefly explain how it works?

Blockchain is a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger system that eliminates

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intermediaries by distributing transaction records across a network of
nodes. Originally devised for Bitcoin, it now underpins applications in
finance, healthcare, and logistics.

How It Works;

1. Decentralization: No central authority; data is stored across multiple

nodes globally.

2. Transaction Request: A user initiates a transaction (e.g., sending

cryptocurrency).

3. Block Formation: Transactions are grouped into a block with a

timestamp and cryptographic hash.

4. Consensus Mechanism:

- Proof of Work (PoW): Nodes (miners) solve complex puzzles to validate

blocks (used by Bitcoin).

- Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators are chosen based on cryptocurrency

holdings (e.g., Ethereum 2.0).

5. Block Validation: Once consensus is reached, the block is added to the

chain.

6. Immutability: Altering a block requires changing all subsequent blocks,

which is computationally infeasible.

Real-World Use Cases:

- Supply Chain: Track product origins (e.g., Walmart’s food safety system).

- Healthcare: Securely share patient records.

- Voting Systems: Ensure transparent, tamper-proof elections.

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4. What is cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity involves protecting digital systems, networks, and data from

unauthorized access, breaches, and attacks. As cyber threats evolve,
strategies include:

- Network Security; Firewalls, VPNs, and intrusion detection systems (IDS)

guard against unauthorized access.

- Endpoint Security: Antivirus software and encryption protect devices (e.g.,

laptops, smartphones).

- Application Security: Secure coding practices and penetration testing to

fix vulnerabilities.

- Data Security: Encryption and tokenization safeguard sensitive

information (e.g., credit card details).

 Common Threats:

- Malware: Viruses, ransomware (e.g., WannaCry), and spyware.

- Phishing: Fraudulent emails trick users into revealing credentials.

- DDoS Attacks: Overwhelm servers with traffic to disrupt services.

Emerging Trends:

- AI-Driven Defense: Machine learning detects anomalies in real-time (e.g.,

Darktrace).

- Zero-Trust Architecture: Requires continuous verification of user identity.

- Quantum Cryptography: Uses quantum mechanics to create unbreakable

encryption.

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---

5. What is the cloud? What do you know about cloud computing?

The Cloud refers to remote servers hosted on the internet that provide
storage, processing, and services, replacing on-premises infrastructure.

Cloud Computing Models:

1. Service Types:

- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Rent virtualized hardware (e.g., AWS

EC2).

- PaaS (Platform as a Service): Development tools hosted on the cloud

(e.g., Google App Engine).

- SaaS (Software as a Service): Web-based applications (e.g., Gmail,

Salesforce).

2. Deployment Models:

- Public Cloud: Shared resources (e.g., Microsoft Azure).

- Private Cloud: Dedicated infrastructure for a single organization.

- Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private clouds for flexibility (e.g.,
sensitive data on-premises, apps on AWS).

Benefits:

- Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go pricing eliminates upfront hardware costs.

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- Scalability: Instantly scale resources during traffic spikes (e.g., Netflix
during peak hours).

- Disaster Recovery: Automated backups ensure data recovery during

outages.

Challenges:

- Security Risks: Shared infrastructure can expose vulnerabilities.

- Downtime: Reliance on providers’ uptime (e.g., AWS outages).

- Compliance: Navigating data sovereignty laws (e.g., GDPR).

Future Trends:

- Edge Computing: Process data closer to the source (e.g., IoT devices) to
reduce latency.

- Serverless Computing: Developers focus on code while providers manage

infrastructure (e.g., AWS Lambda).

Summary

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This written material explores key technologies
shaping modern industries: nanotechnology, which
manipulates matter at the nanoscale for
applications in medicine, energy, and more;
structured and unstructured data, with the latter
driving AI innovation; blockchain, a decentralized
ledger system with applications in finance and
supply chains; cybersecurity, which protects digital
systems from evolving threats; and cloud computing,
offering scalable, cost-efficient remote services.
Each technology is explained with its fundamental
principles, applications, and future trends.

Reference;

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