Lecture 02

Microprocessor and Computer Evolution

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ENIAC - background
 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
 Designed by Eckert and Mauchly
 University of Pennsylvania
 Mainly used for Trajectory tables for weapons
 Started 1943
 Finished 1946
 Too late for war effort

 Used until 1955

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ENIAC - details
 Decimal Number Based System (not binary)
 20 accumulators of 10 digits
 Programmed manually by switches
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 30 tons
 15,000 square feet
 140 kW power consumption
 5,000 additions per second

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Vacuum tubes

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ENIAC

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von Neumann/Turing
 Stored Program concept
 Main memory storing programs and data
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting instructions from memory
and executing
 Input and output equipment operated by control unit
 Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
 IAS

 Completed 1952

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von Neumann

–7– Von Neumann with the first Institute computer

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Alan Turing

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 Structure of von Neumann machine

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 IAS - details
1000 x 40 bit words
 Binary number
 2 x 20 bit instructions
Set of registers (storage in CPU)
 Memory Buffer Register: Contains a word to be stored in memory
or is used to receive a word from memory.
 Memory Address Register: holds the address of a word that moves
to/from MBR.
 Instruction Register: Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being
executed.
 Instruction Buffer Register: Holds temporarily the right hand
instruction from a word in memory.
 Program Counter: Contains address of the next instruction pair to
be fetched from memory.
 Accumulator: Holds one of the operands and results of ALU
operations.
 Multiplier Quotient: Hold the least significant 40 bits of multiplying
result
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 Structure of IAS –
detail

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 Commercial Computers
 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
 UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
 US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
 Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
 Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
 Faster
 More memory

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 UNIVAC I

UNIVAC II

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 IBM
 Punched-card processing equipment
 1953 - the 701
 IBM’s first stored program computer
 Scientific calculations

 1955 - the 702

 Business applications

 Lead to 700/7000 series that established IBM as the

dominant computer manufacturer.

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 IBM 701

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 Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes
 Smaller Size
 Cheaper than earlier vacuum tube
 Less heat dissipation
 Solid State device
 Made from Silicon (Sand)
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
 William Shockley et al.

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 Transistor Based Computers
 Second generation machines
 Electronic equipment was discrete components: transistors,
resistors, capacitors and so on.
 NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
 IBM 7000
 DEC - 1957
 Produced PDP-1

 The second generation saw the introduction of more

complex arithmetic and logic units and control units,
the use of high level programming languages and the
provision of system software with the computer.

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 IBM 7030 (1961)

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 Microelectronics & digital computer
 Small electronics and consistent trend towards the
reduction in size of electronic circuits.
 The basic elements of digital computer must perform
storage, movement, processing and control
functions.
 Two fundamental types of components are required:
gates and memory cells. By interconnecting large
number of fundamental devices we get a computer.
 Data storage: provided by memory cells
 Data processing: Provided by gates
 Data movement: The path between components are used to
move data form memory to memory and from memory through
gates to memory
 Control: The path between carry control signal
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 Generations of Computer
 Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
 Transistor - 1958-1964
 Small scale integration - 1965 on
 Up to 100 devices on a chip
 Medium scale integration - to 1971
 100-3,000 devices on a chip
 Large scale integration - 1971-1977
 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
 Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
 Ultra large scale integration
 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
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 Moore’s Law
Increased density of components on chip
Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
 Number of transistors on a chip will double every year.
Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
 Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

Consequences of Moore’s law:

 Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
 Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher
performance
 Smaller size gives increased flexibility
 Reduced power and cooling requirements
 Fewer interconnections increases reliability

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 Growth in CPU Transistor Count

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 Intel
1971 - 4004
 First microprocessor
 All CPU components on a single chip
 4 bit

Followed in 1972 by 8008

 8 bit
 Both designed for specific applications

1974 - 8080
 Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor

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 Speeding it up
 Pipelining
 On board cache
 On board L1 & L2 cache
 Branch prediction
 Data flow analysis
 Speculative execution

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 Performance Mismatch
 Processor speed increased
 Memory capacity increased
 Memory speed lags behind processor speed

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 Pentium Evolution (1)
8080
 first general purpose microprocessor
 8 bit data path
 Used in first personal computer – Altair
8086
 much more powerful
 16 bit
 instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286
 16 Mbyte memory addressable
 up from 1Mb
80386
 32 bit
 Support for multitasking
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 Pentium Evolution (2)
80486
 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
 built in maths co-processor

Pentium
 Superscalar
 Multiple instructions executed in parallel

Pentium Pro
 Increased superscalar organization
 Aggressive register renaming
 branch prediction
 data flow analysis
 speculative execution

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 Pentium Evolution (3)
Pentium II
 MMX technology
 graphics, video & audio processing

Pentium III
 Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics

Pentium 4
 Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
 Further floating point and multimedia enhancements

Itanium
 64 bit

See Intel web pages for detailed information on

processors
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 INTEL 4004

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 INTEL 8008

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 INTEL 8080

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 INTEL 80286

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 INTEL 80386

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 INTEL 80486

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 Pentium

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 More Pentium
III

Pro

IV

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 Itanium

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