Basic Electrical

Engineering
A RV E L
VELASQUEZ
 Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the basic electrical engineering
principle, concepts, laws and theorems.
2. Distinguish the general aspects of direct current

Basic Electrical system.

3. Define Ohm’s Law and apply mathematical

Engineering formulas in solving basic electrical problems.

4. Determine the temperature-resistance effect.
5. Understand electrical circuits and apply the power,
current, resistance and voltage equations.
A RV E L
VELASQUEZ
 What is
Electricity?
 Electricity plays an important role in our day-to-day life, and hence,
we should be aware of the various functions that electricity can perform.
Nowadays, all our basic needs are completely dependent upon electricity.
The study of an electrical engineering involves the analysis of the energy
transfer from one form to another. So before beginning the actual study
of an electrical engineering, it is necessary to discuss the fundamental
ideas about the basic elements of an electrical engineering.
In this module, you will study about the basic electrical engineering
principles, concepts, laws and theories which enables you to understand
the various applications of electricity in the future.
The invisible energy that constitutes the flow of electrons in a closed circuit to
do work is called ‘electricity’. It is a form of energy that can be easily converted
to any other form. Previously, it was thought that electricity is a matter which
flows through the circuit to do work.

However, now it has been established that electricity constitutes the flow of
electrons in the circuit, and in this process, a work is done. It is a form of energy.
The Greatest discoveries of man that come from the Greek word “electron”
which means amber. Electricity is all about electrons, which are the
fundamental cause of electricity.
William Gilbert Benjamin Franklin Luigi Galvani Alessandro Volta

Michael Faraday James Watt Andre Marie Ampere Georg Ohm

 William Gilbert

Around 600 BC Greeks found that by rubbing a hard fossilized resin

(Amber) against a fur cloth, it would attract particles of straw. This
strange effect remained a mystery for over 2000 years.

Two Thousand Years Later

Around 1600, William Gilbert, a physician who lived in London at the
time of Queen Elizabeth I and Shakespeare, studied magnetic phenomena
and demonstrated that the Earth itself was a huge magnet, by means of
his "terrella" experiment. He also studied the attraction produced when
materials were rubbed and named it the "electric" attraction. From that
came the word "electricity" and all others derived from it.
Father of Electricity
The word “electricity” was coined by
Gilbert, who based it on the
Greek word for amber.
Benjamin Franklin

In 1752, Franklin proved that lightning and the spark from amber
were one and the same thing. This story is a familiar one, in which
Franklin fastened an iron spike to a silken kite, which he flew during a
thunderstorm, while holding the end of the kite string by an iron key.
When lightning flashed, a tiny spark jumped from the key to his wrist.
The experiment proved Franklin's theory but was extremely dangerous -
he could easily have been killed.
 Luigi Galvani

In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian professor of medicine, found that when the leg of a dead
frog was touched by a metal knife, the leg twitched violently. Galvani thought that the
muscles of the frog must contain electricity.

By 1792, another Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, disagreed: he realized that the main
factors in Galvani's discovery were the two different metals - the steel knife and the tin
plate - upon which the frog was lying. Volta showed that when moisture comes between
two different metals, electricity is created.

This led him to invent the first electric battery, the voltaic pile, which he made from thin
sheets of copper and zinc separated by moist pasteboard.
In this way, a new kind of electricity was discovered, electricity that flowed steadily like a
current of water instead of discharging itself in a single spark or shock.

Volta showed that electricity could be made to travel from one place to another by wire,
thereby making an important contribution to the science of electricity. The unit of
electrical potential, the Volt, is named after him.

Alessandro Volta
Michael Faraday

The credit for generating electric current on a practical scale goes to the famous
English scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was greatly interested in the invention
of the electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took earlier experiments still further. If
electricity could produce magnetism, why couldn't magnetism produce electricity?

In 1831, Faraday found the solution. Electricity could be produced through

magnetism by motion. He discovered that when a magnet was moved inside a coil
of copper wire, a tiny electric current flows through the wire. Of course, by today's
standards, Faraday's electric generator was crude (and provided only a small electric
current), but he had discovered the first method of generating electricity by means
of motion in a magnetic field.

Faraday also realized that the electric force is transmitted by an electric field.
James Watt

When Edison's generator was coupled with Watt's steam engine,

large scale electricity generation became a practical proposition.
James Watt, the Scottish inventor of the steam condensing
engine, was born in 1736.

His improvements to steam engines were patented over a period

of 15 years, starting in 1769 and his name was given to the
electric unit of power, the Watt.
Andre Marie Ampere

Andre Marie Ampere, a French mathematician who

devoted himself to the study of electricity and magnetism,
was the first to explain the electro-dynamic theory. A
permanent memorial to Ampere is the use of his name for
the unit of electric current.
Georg Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm, a German mathematician and physicist,

was a college teacher in Cologne when in 1827 he published,
"The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically".

His theories were coldly received by German scientists, but his

research was recognized in Britain, and he was awarded the
Copley Medal in 1841. His name has been given to the unit of
electrical resistance.
Types of Static Electricity
Electricity Static electricity involves electrons that are
moved from one place to another, usually by
rubbing or brushing.
• Static Electricity
• Current Electricity Current Electricity
Current Electricity involves the flow of
electrons in a conductor. Current Electricity is
a flow of electric charge across an electrical
field.
Example of Static
Electricity
 A. Electricity Produced from
Frictional Energy (Static
Electricity)

How is electricity B. Electricity Produced from

Pressure
produced?
C. Electricity Produced from Heat

D. Electricity Produced from

Chemical Reaction

E. Electricity Produced from Light

F. Electricity Produced from

Magnetism
 Frictional Electricity is the least
important of all methods for the
production of electricity. It can be
produced by rubbing certain dissimilar
materials together
How is electricity
produced? One application of static electricity is
in a device used in atomic research
called Van de Graaff generator .

A. Electricity Produced from

Frictional Energy (Static
Electricity)
 Electricity produced from pressure is
How is electricity called piezoelectricity, which is produced by
certain crystalline materials such as quartz
produced? and barium titanate.

If a crystal made of this material is

placed between two metal plates and
B. Electricity Produced from pressure is exerted on the plates, an electric
Pressure charge will be developed but the amount of
charge will depend on the amount of
pressure exerted.
 The amount of charge produced depends on
the difference in temperature between
junction and the opposite ends of two wires.
How is electricity A greater temperature difference results in a
greater charge. Electricity is produced by
produced? heating the junction of a thermocouple.

C. Electricity Produced from

Heat
 Electric cells are electricity produced by
How is electricity chemical reactions.

produced?

D. Electricity Produced from

Chemical Reaction
 The electricity is produced by light striking
photosensitive materials. These materials
How is electricity release electrons when excited by light
under the right conditions. These releases of
produced? electrons are called photoelectric effect.

E. Electricity Produced from

Light
 Electricity produced by relative movement of a magnet
and a wire that result in the cutting of lines of force.
The amount of electricity produced will depend on:
a. the number of turns in coil
How is electricity
b. the speed with which relative motions of the
produced? coil and the magnet take place
c. the strength of the magnet

F. Electricity Produced from

Magnetism
  Matter is made up of atoms
 Atoms are made of nucleons (called protons and
QUICK REVIEW neutrons) and electrons
 Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no
OF THE ATOM charge, electrons have a negative charge
 The charges of protons and electrons are equal and
opposite

ATOMS ARE EVERYWHERE

 Electrons move in and out of fixed pathways around

the nucleus
 Changing the number of electrons in a particular type
of atom creates an ion of that atom
 MATTER
▪ Anything that occupy space and has weight
ELEMENT
QUICK REVIEW ▪ A substance that cannot be decomposed any farther by
chemical reaction
OF THE ATOM
ATOM
▪ Smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still
keeping the chemical properties of the element. It is the
On the Move smallest building block of matter.
 Electrons in the outer rings or shells of COMPOUND
atoms are bound more loosely to the nucleus ▪ A combination of two or more elements.
 Such electrons tend to break free from the MOLECULE
nucleus and wander around amongst other
▪ It is the smallest particle that a compound can be reduced
nearby atoms
to before it breaks down to its elements.
 Such electrons are called free electrons
 ELECTRONS

▪ Negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus

of an atom. Electron is one of the lightest particles with a
QUICK REVIEW known mass.
▪ The mass of electron is about 9.11 x 10-31 kg.
OF THE ATOM PROTONS
▪ Positively charged particles that stays in the nucleus of an
atom.
▪ Proton is very small, but it is fairly massive compared to the
other particles that make up matter. The mass of one proton is
1.675 x 10-27 kg.
NEUTRONS
▪ Particles having no charge.
▪ Neutrons are about the same size as protons but their mass is
slightly greater, 1.675 x 10-27 kg
NUCLEUS
The central part of the atom where the protons and neutrons
QUICK REVIEW ATOMIC NUMBER

OF THE ATOM  Represents the number of electrons or protons of an atom.

ATOMIC MASS
▪ Represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
▪ Electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an atom.
  In conductors:
The charge carriers are called free electrons
Conductor Only negative charges are free to move
When isolated atoms are combined to form a metal, outer
electrons of the atoms do not remain attached to
individual atoms but become free to move throughout the
volume of the material
An electrical conductor is a material
that allows electric charge to flow
through it with little resistance.
  Electrolytes

Conductor Both negative and positive charges can move.

 Semiconductors
In-between conductors and insulators in their
ability to conduct electricity
Other Types of Conductors
Conductivity can be greatly enhanced by adding
 Electrolytes small amounts of other elements
 Semiconductors Requires quantum physics to truly understand
how they work.
 Insulator So, if a potential voltage is applied to the material no
current will flow as there are no electrons to move which
gives these materials their insulating properties.
Insulators on the other hand are the exact
Examples of good insulators are marble, p.v.c plastics,
opposite of conductors. They are made of
rubber, glass ,oil, asphalt, fiberglass, porcelain, ceramic,
materials, generally non- metals, that have dry cotton, dry copper, dry wood, air, diamond, mica,
very few or no “free electrons” float about textile fiber, and wax.
within their basic atom structure because the
electrons in the outer valence shell are
strongly attached by the positively charge
inner nucleus. So, if a potential voltage is
applied to the material no current will flow as
there are no electrons to move which gives
these materials their insulating properties.
 SYSTEMS OF PREFIX SI symbol Exponent Form

UNITS exa
peta
E
P
1018
1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109

In representing a circuit and its mega M 106

elements, we must define a consistent kilo k 103

deci d 10-1
system of units for the quantities
centi c 10-2
occurring in the circuit. At the 1960
milli m 10-3
meeting of the General Conference of
micro µ 10-6
Weights and Measures, the
nano n 10-9
representatives modernized the metric pico p 10-12
system and created the Systeme femto f 10-15
International d’Unites, commonly atto a 10-18
called SI units.
1. 1 MW = ________ W
2. 36 kV = ________ V
3. 24 µA = ________ A
4. 115 Ω = ________ kΩ

EXAMPLES
 DIRECT
CURRENT
SYSTEM
Direct current (DC) is an electric
current that is uni-directional, so the
flow of charge is always in the same
direction. As opposed to alternating
current, the direction and amperage of
direct currents do not change. It is used
in many household electronics and in
all devices that use batteries. Anything
that works with a battery works on DC.
▪ Fundamental theory upon which all
branches of electrical engineering are
built.
ELECTRIC
▪ Many branches of electrical engineering,
CIRCUIT
such as power, electric machines,
control, electronics, communications, THEORY
and instrumentation, are based on
electric circuit theory.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical

elements and each component of the circuit is
known as an element.

A simple electric circuit in the figure above consists

of basic elements such as battery, a light bulb,
connecting wires and a switch.
A electric circuit is always a closed path. A closed
circuit is one that is complete, with good continuity
throughout.
Types of Electric
Circuit
Close Circuit
When load works on its own in a circuit then
it is called Close Circuit or Closed Circuit.
Under this situation, the value of current
flow depends on load.
Types of Electric
Circuit
Open Circuit (R = ∞)
When there is a faulty electrical wire or
electronic component in a circuit or the
switch is OFF, then it is called Open Circuit.
Types of Electric
Circuit
Short Circuit (R = 0)
When both points of voltage source in a
circuit gets joint with each other for some
reason then it is called Short Circuit.
Maximum current starts to flow under this
situation. Short circuit generally happens
when the conducting electrical wires get
joint of even because of shorting in the load.
 Electrical Symbols are used for components in electrical
Electric Symbols circuit diagrams.
BASIC ELECTRICAL Ammeter
ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS
An ammeter is an instrument used to
measure current and must be connected
in series with the circuit.

Figure shows an ammeter connected in

series with the lamp to measure the
current flowing through it. Since all the
current in the circuit passes through the
ammeter it must have a very low
resistance.
BASIC ELECTRICAL Voltmeter
ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS A voltmeter is an instrument used for
measuring electric potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit
and must be connected in parallel with
the part of the circuit whose potential
difference is required.

In the Figure , a voltmeter is connected

in parallel with the lamp to measure the
potential difference across it. To avoid a
significant current flowing through it, a
voltmeter must have a very high
resistance.
 Circuit Diagram with
BASIC ELECTRICAL
Ammeter and Voltmeter
ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS
BASIC ELECTRICAL Wattmeter
ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS
A wattmeter is an instrument for the
measurement of power in an electrical
circuit.
BASIC ELECTRICAL Ohmmeter
ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS
An ohmmeter is an instrument for
measuring resistance.
BASIC ELECTRICAL Multimeter
ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS
A multimeter, or universal instrument,
may be used to
measure voltage, current and resistance.
Charge is an electrical property of
the atomic particles of which
CIRCUIT VARIABLES
matter consists, measured in
Coulombs (C).

Like charges repel while unlike Q = It

charges attract.
Where: Q = Charge in Coulombs(C)

1 e = - 1.602 x 10-19 C I = Current in Amperes (A)

1 p = + 1.602 x 10-19 C t = Time in seconds (s)
1 C = 6.24 x 1018 e or p

Electric Charge
(Q)
Example:
If a current of 5A flows
for 10s, find the quantity
of electricity transferred.

Charge
(Q)
Example:
If a current of 10mA flows for
four minutes, find the quantity
of electricity transferred.

Charge
(Q)
 CIRCUIT VARIABLES
It is the flow rate of electric charge
through a conducting medium with
respect to time, measured in Amperes
(A) or Coulombs/sec. I= i=
Electric
Where: I = Current in Amperes (A)
Current Q = Charge in Coulombs (C)

(I) t = Time in seconds (s)

 Example:
What current must flow if a charge
of 240 coulombs is to be
transferred in 12s?

Electric
Current
(I)
 Example:
What current must flow if a charge
of 24 mC is to be transferred in
15ms?

Electric
Current
(I)
Types of Electric
Current
Direct Current (DC)
The flow of electric charge in only one
direction is known as direct current (DC).
As DC flows only in one direction; hence it
is also referred to as unidirectional current.

DC Current is a current that remains

constant with time.
Types of Electric
Current
Alternating Current (AC)
The flow of electric charge in a periodically reverse
direction is known as alternating current (AC). An
alternating current changes its direction at periodic
intervals.
The alternating current starts from zero, rises to a
maximum, decreases to zero, then reverses and
reaches a maximum in the opposite direction, then
again returns to the original value and repeats this
cycle infinitely.
Conventional
Current Flow
Conventional current flow: (a) positive
current flow, (b) negative current flow
Main Effects of
Electric Current
The three main effects of an electric current are:
(a) magnetic effect
(b) chemical effect
(c) heating effect

Some practical applications of the effects of an electric current include:

Magnetic effect: bells, relays, motors, generators, transformers, telephones, car-
ignition and lifting magnets
Chemical effect: primary and secondary cells and electroplating
Heating effect: cookers, water heaters, electric fires, irons, furnaces, kettles and
soldering irons
 CIRCUIT VARIABLES
Voltage (also known as electric potential difference,
electromotive force emf, electric pressure, or
electric tension) is defined as the electric potential

V=
difference per unit charge between two points in an
electric field.

The energy required to move a unit charge through

an element, measured in volts (V) Where: V = Voltage in volts (V)
W = Work done in joules (J)
Voltage is measured in volts (V).
Q = Charge in coulombs (C)

Voltage
(V) 1V = 1 = 1
Types of Voltage

DC Voltage AC Voltage
The DC voltage induces the direct current The AC voltage is the force that derive the
between the two points. The DC voltage alternating current between the two points. It
waves only in one direction and the is produced by electric generator.
magnitude of the voltage always remain
constant. It is commonly produced by
batteries.

A constant voltage is called DC voltage and is represented by V,

whereas a sinusoidal time varying voltage is called an AC voltage
represented by v.
Types of Voltage
AC Voltage DC Voltage
Polarity
A polarity (+. -) is used to indicate a voltage
across an element.
Voltages , like currents, can be positive or
negative.
 The potential at point a with respect to
point b is Vab.
• The Vab can be interpreted in two ways: (1)
Point a is at a potential of Vab volts higher
than point b, or (2) and point b -Vab volts
above point a.
(1) Vab = -Vba
(2) -Vab = Vba
Example:
A battery can deliver 10 Joules of
energy to move 5 coulombs of
charge. What is the potential
difference between the terminals
of the battery?

Voltage
(V)
 Example:
How much energy
does a 1.5V give 2C of
charge?

Voltage
(V)
Example:
Work equal to 136.0 joules is
expended in moving electrons
between two points in an
electric circuit. What potential
difference does this establish
between the two points?

Voltage
(V)
 CIRCUIT VARIABLES
Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W) or
J/s,
PR
Where: P = Power in watts (W)
Watt is the unit of Power. V= Voltage in volts (V)
Equivalent to one joule of energy
consumed in one second. I = Current in amperes (A)
Named after the British engineer and R = Resistance in ohms (Ω)
inventor James Watt.

Power P= 1W = 1
Where: P = Power in watts (W)
(P) W = Work done in joules (J)
t = Time in seconds (s)
Power
(P)
 Example:
How much power does a
220V, 5A electric lamp
consume?

Power
(P)
 Example:
A portable machine requires a
force of 200N to move it. How
much work is done if the
machine is moved 20m and
what average power is utilized
if the movement takes 25s?

Power
(P)
 CIRCUIT VARIABLES

Energy is the capacity to do

work.
W = Pt
Electric Where: W = energy or work done in joules (J)
P = Power in watts (W)
Energy T = time in seconds (s)

(W)
Kilowatt-hour (kW-hr)
- unit in which electrical energy is sold to a
consumer.
 1 calorie= 4.186 joules
1 hp = 746 watts
1 BTU= 252 calories
1 kW-hr= 3600 kJ= 3413 BTU =860 kcal
1 joule= 1 x ergs
1 day = 24 hours
1 month = 30 days = 720 hours
1 year = 365 days = 8760 hours

Energy Unit
Conversions
 Example:
A 220V, 5A electric lamp is
used for 30 minutes. How
much energy does it require?

Energy
(W)
 Example:
A source emf of 5V supplies a
current of 3A for 10 minutes.
How much energy in calories
are provided in this time?

Energy
(W)
 Supplementary Problem:
4. The current in an electric lamp is
1. How much charge is 5 amperes. What quantity of
represented by 4,600 electricity flows towards the
electrons? filament in 6 minutes?
Circuit
2. Calculate the amount of 5. A constant current of 4 A charges
Variables charge represented by six a capacitor. How long will it take to
million protons. accumulate a total charge of 8
coulombs on the plates?
3. In what time would a
current of 10A transfer a
charge of 50 C?
 6. A mass of 1000 kg is raised 8. An electric heater consumes
through a height of 10m in 20s. 3.6 MJ when connected to a
What is (a) the work done and (b) 250 V supply for 40 minutes.
the power developed? Find the power rating of the
Circuit 7. Electrical equipment in an office
heater and the current taken
from the supply.
Variables takes a current of 13 A from a 240
V supply. Estimate the cost per 9. How many calories does an
week of electricity if the equipment electric heater of 100 watts
is used for 30 hours each week and generate per second?
1 kWh of energy costs 7 pesos.
CIRCUIT Active circuit elements
ELEMENTS Active circuit elements are capable of
generating energy such as generators,
batteries, operational amplifiers etc
• Active Circuit Elements
• Passive Circuit Elements Passive circuit elements
Passive circuit elements are not capable of
generating energy such as resistors,
capacitors, inductors etc.
ACTIVE
CIRCUIT Most important active elements are
voltage and current sources which deliver
ELEMENTS power to the circuit connected to them.

• Independent Voltage Source

• Independent Current Source
• Dependent or Controlled Source
ACTIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
• Independent Voltage Source
ACTIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
• Independent Current
Source
ACTIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
• Dependent or Controlled
Source
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
• Resistor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Resistor
• Types of Resistor
• Fixed Value Resistor
• Variable Resistor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Resistor
• Fixed Value Resistor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
• Resistor
• Fixed Value Resistor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Resistor
• Fixed Value Resistor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Resistor
• Fixed Value Resistor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Resistor
• Variable Resistors
 Law of
Resistance
The resistance of conducting material:
• Varies directly proportional to the
length (L) of the material
• Varies inversely proportional to
the cross-sectional area (A) of the
material
• Depends on the nature (ρ) of the
material
• Depends on the temperature (T) of
the material
1. Which has a higher resistance?
a. 10m, 14mm2 THHN copper wire
b. 5m, 14mm2 THHN copper wire

2. Which has a lower resistance?

a. 1m, 14mm2 THHN copper wire
b. 1m, 5.5mm2 THHN copper wire

Law of
Resistance
 Law of Resistance
Specific Resistance
or Resistivity (ρ)
The resistance of electrical materials
in terms of unit dimensions length and
cross – sectional area. It is the amount Where:
R = Resistance
of change of resistance in a material
A = Cross-sectional area
per unit change in temperature. ρ = Resistivity
L = Length
Unit is ohm-circular mils per foot (Ω- V = Volume
CM/ft) or ohm-meter (Ω-m).
 Law of Resistance
Specific Resistance
or Resistivity (ρ)
RESISTIVITY OF COMMON ELEMENTS AT 20°C
1. Which among these given materials has the
lowest resistivity?

The most common material for electrical wire

is copper and aluminum. These are not the
best conductors however they are abundant and
low cost.

Law of
Resistance
 Law of Resistance
Circular Mil
(CM)
 Law of Resistance
Circular Mil
(CM)
Examples:
1. What is the size in square millimeter of the
cable of 250 MCM size?

2. A 500 MCM ACSR cable has 37 strands.

Determine the diameter in mils of each strand.
 Law of Resistance

Examples:

1. Calculate the resistance of a copper

conductor having a length of 2 km and a
cross-section of 22 . Assume the
resistivity of copper is 1.72 x 10 -8 -m.
 Law of Resistance

2. The substation bus bar is made up of

2 inches round copper bars 20 ft. long.
What is the resistance of each bar if
resistivity is 1.724 x10-6ohm-cm.
 Law of Resistance

3. Determine the resistance of a bus bar

made of copper if the length is 10m long
and the cross section is 4x4 cm 2. Use
1.724 x10-6 ohm-cm as the resistivity.
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-
Where:
Resistance Effect R1 = initial resistance
R2 = final resistance
The rise in temperature: T = inferred absolute temperature
(temperature when resistance of a
• Increases the R of pure
given material is zero)
metals
t1 = initial temperature
• Increases the R of alloys t2 = final temperature
= temperature coefficient of
• Decreases the R of
resistance (ohmic change
electrolytes and insulators
per degree per ohm of specified
temperature)
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-
Resistance Effect
The rise in temperature:

• Increases the R of pure

metals Absolute temperature
Where: T=
• Increases the R of alloys
=
• Decreases the R of ΔT = =
electrolytes and insulators
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-
Resistance Effect
INFERRED ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE (T) in 0C

COPPER ANNEALED = 234.5

SILVER = 243
ALUMINUM = 236
HDC (Hard drawn copper) = 242

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

(@200C)
COPPER = 0.00393/0C
SILVER = 0.0038/0C
ALUMINUM = 0.0039/0C
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-
Resistance Effect
Using Similar Triangles,
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-Resistance Effect

Examples:

1. A coil of copper wire has a resistance

of 62 ohm, at a room temperature of.
What will be its resistance at?
a) .
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-Resistance Effect

2. The tungsten filament in an

incandescent lamp has a resistance of 9.8
ohm at a room temperature of and a
resistance of 132 ohm at normal operating
temperature. Calculate the temperature of
the heated filament. ∝20℃=0.0045/℃
 Law of Resistance
Temperature-Resistance Effect

3. A coil of copper wire has a

resistance of 100Ω when its
temperature is 0°C. Determine its
resistance at 70°C if the temperature
coefficient of resistance of copper at
0°C is 0.0043/°C.
 Law of Resistance

Conductors Undergoing Drawing Process

(Constant Volume, Same Material)

- In the process, the waste of the

material is assumed negligible
(efficiency is 100%), thus
keeping the volume to be
constant all throughout the
process.
 Law of Resistance

Conductors Undergoing Drawing Process

(Constant Volume, Same Material)
Conductors Undergoing Law of Resistance
Drawing Process
Examples:

1. A kilometer of wire having a diameter

of 11.7 mm and a resistance of 0.031
ohm is drawn down so that its diameter is
5.0 mm. what does its resistance
become?
Conductors Undergoing Law of Resistance
Drawing Process
2. A one – meter rod of 2 – cm
diameter is drawn until its resistance is
100 times the initial resistance. Its
length afterward is?
Conductors Undergoing Law of Resistance
Drawing Process
3. A copper wire of unknown length
has a resistance of 0.80 ohm. By
successive passes through drawing lies,
the length of the wire is increased to 2
and ½ times its original value.
Assuming that resistivity remains
unchanged during the drawing process,
determine the new value of its
resistance.
 Resistor Color
Coding
Manufacturers typically use a color band system
known as the resistor color code.

Tolerance is the amount (in percent) by which the

actual ohmic resistance can be different from the
color-coded value.
 Resistor Color
Coding
Example:

1. Brow, Black, Orange, Gold

 Resistor Color
Coding 4. Green, Blue, Brown and Silver

Supplementary Problems: 5. Green, Yellow, Red and No color

Find the Rated value, Minimum, 6. Blue, Blue, Black and Gold
Maximum, Ohmic values and Range of the
given color bands. 7. Blue, Red, Gray and Gold

1. Black, Yellow, White and Silver 8. White, Violet, Green and Silver

2. Red, Red, Orange and No color 9. Black, Red, Yellow and Silver

3. Red, Violet, Gray and Gold 10. White, Orange, Violet and Gold
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
2. Inductor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
2. Inductor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
3. Capacitor
PASSIVE
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
3. Capacitor
 Ohm's
Law
V = IR
Where: V = impressed voltage in volts (V)
I = current drawn in amperes (A)
R = resistance in ohms (Ω)
It states that the current flowing in an
electric circuit is directly proportional to
the impressed emf applied to the circuit
and inversely to the equivalent resistance
of the said circuit. Named after the
German physicist, Georg S. Ohm (1787-
1854)
 Example:
The current flowing through a resistor
is 0.8 A when a potential difference of
20 V is applied. Determine
the value of the resistance.

Ohm's
Law
 Example:
What is the current produced by a
voltage of 240 V through a resistance
of 0.2 Ω?

Ohm's
Law
 Example:
Determine the voltage which must be
applied to a 2 kΩ resistor in order that a
current of 10 mA may flow.

Ohm's
Law
 Example:
100 V battery is connected across a
resistor and causes a current of 5 mA to
flow. Determine the resistance of the
resistor. If the voltage is now reduced
to 25 V, what will be the new value of
the current flowing?

Ohm's
Law
 Conductivity
Conductivity (δ)– reciprocal of resistivity
G= == δ=
Where:
δ = conductivity (siemens per meter)
ρ = specific resistance
L = length(meter)
(resistivity)(ohm- meter)
A = cross sectional area(square meter)
G = conductance(siemens)
R = resistance(ohm)
 4. A battery may be rated in ampere-
hours (Ah). A lead-acid battery is rated
1. The voltage across a 1.1 kW at 160 Ah. (a) what is the maximum
toaster that produces a current current it can supply for 40 h? (b) how
of 10 A is . many days it last if it discharged at 1
mA?
2. A telephone wire has a
Chapter current of 20 µA flowing
through it. How long does it
5. How much work is done by a 12-V
automobile battery in moving 5 x 10 20
take for a charge of 15 C to
Test pass through the wire?
electrons from the positive terminal to
the negative terminal?

3. A lightning bolt carried a 6. How much energy does a 10-hp

current of 2 kA and lasted for motor deliver in 30 minutes? Assume
3 ms. How many coulombs of that 1 horsepower = 746 W.
charge were contained in the
lightning bolt?
 7. A 2-kW electric iron is connected to a 120-V line. Calculate the
current drawn by the iron.

8. The maximum current that a 2W, 80 kΩ resistor can safely conduct

is .
Chapter 9. A business uses two 3 kW fires for an average of 20 hours each per
Test week, and six 150W lights for 30 hours each per week. If the cost of
electricity is 14.25 p per unit, determine the weekly cost of electricity
to the business.

10. The resistance of 1.5 km of wire of cross-sectional area 0.17 is

150Ω. Determine the resistivity of the wire.
Thank you!