ENGINEERING

DRAWING
B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering– 1st SEMESTER (2024)
.
 A drawing acts as the reflection of the
visual mind. On its surface we can probe,
test, and develop the workings of our
peculiar vision. —Edward Hill

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MODULE # 01
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
 Learning Objectives

Students should be able to learn

1. Basics of engineering drawing and its types.

2. The use of graphics is an effective means of communicating when designing.
3. Engineering drawing in design process.

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 What is a Drawing?

• A drawing is a graphic representation of an object, or a part of it, and is the result of

creative thought by an engineer or technician.

• When one person sketches a rough map in giving direction to another, this is graphic
communication.

• Graphic communication involves using visual materials to relate ideas.

• Drawings, photographs, slides, transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic
communication.

• Any medium that uses a graphic image to aid in conveying a message, instructions, or an
idea is involved in graphic communication.

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 Drawing
Taxonomy of Drawing
Natural Geographical Botanical Zoological Engineering
Portrait
Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing

Topographical
Machine Production Assembly Structural Piping Building and
Part Drawing
Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing Engineering
Map Drawing

Assembly
Design Detailed Installation Assembly Exploded Schematic
Sub-assembly Drawings for Machine Shop Patent
Assembly Assembly Assembly Drawings for Assembly Assembly
Drawing Instruction Drawing Drawing
Drawing Drawing Drawing Catalogues Drawing Drawing
Manuals

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 Taxonomy of Drawing Notes

Natural Drawing (Landscape, Scenery etc.) Part Drawing (Mechanical and Production Engineering)
Geographical Drawing (Maps etc.) Assembly Drawing (Mechanical and Production
Botanical Drawing (Plants, Flowers etc.) Engineering)
Zoological Drawing (Creatures, Animals etc.) Structural Drawing (Mechanical and Civil Engineering)
Portrait (Human Faces, Expression etc.) Piping Drawing (Mechanical and Chemical Engineering)
Engineering Drawing (Projections) Building Drawing (Civil and Architectural Engineering)
Machine Drawing (Mechanical, Production and Electrical Machine Drawing (Electrical and Mechanical
Agricultural Engineering) Engineering)
Production Drawing (Mechanical and Production Electronic Drawing (Electronics, Communication and
Engineering) Computer Engineering)
Topographical and Engineering Map Drawing (Civil
Engineering)

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 Engineering Drawing

• An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with
standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size etc.

• Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a
product or a component.

• The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that
will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.

• Engineering drawing is completely different from artistic drawing, which are used to
express aesthetic, philosophical, and abstract ideas.

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 Understanding the Role of Technical
Drawings
• Technical drawings serve one of three purposes:
1. Visualization
2. Communication
3. Documentation

(Courtesy of
Seymourpowell.)

(Courtesy of Dynojet Research, (Courtesy of Woods Power-Grip Co.,

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Inc.) Inc.)
 Purpose of an Engineering Drawing

• An engineering drawing is not an illustration.

• It is a specification of the size and shape of a part or
assembly.
• The important information on a drawing is the dimension
and tolerance of all of its features.

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 Elements of Engineering Drawing

• Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word language.

GRAPHICS WORD
LANGUAGE LANGUAGE

Describe a shape Describe size, location and

(mainly). specification of the object.

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 Elements of Engineering Drawing

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 Text on drawings: Example
Dimensions
&
Notes

General
Notes Title
Block

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 Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Engineering Drawing

GRAPHICS WORD
LANGUAGE LANGUAGE

Geometric Projection
Construction Method Dimensions & Notes

Using Line Types Visualization

Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.

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 Two Ways of doing Engineering Drawing

Engineering
Drawing

Manual Drawing Computer Aided

Drafting and Drawing

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ENGINEERING
DRAWING DESIGN
PROCESS

“A scientist can discover a new star but he cannot make one. He would have to
ask an engineer to do it for him.”
—Gordon L. Glegg,
The Design of Design, 1969
DESIGN THEME MORNING RITUALS
In engineering, 92 percent of the design process is
graphically based. The other 8 percent is divided between
mathematics and written and verbal communications.
Why?

Because graphics serve as the primary means of

communication for the design process.
 Breakdown of Engineers Time in Design

Figure – A total view of engineering divided into its major activities

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Just imagine trying to communicate
all the necessary details verbally or
in writing.
It would be impossible!

Figure – Engineering drawing

• Engineering drawings and

computer models such as these
were needed to produce the
hangar assembly shown.
• The 3-D model is used to design
and visualize the hangar.
• The engineering drawings are
used to communicate and
document the design process.
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 Practice Exercise

1. Try to describe the part shown in Figure using

written instructions. The instructions must be of
such detail that another person can make a sketch
of the part.
2. Now try verbally describing the part to another
person. Have the person make a sketch from your
instructions.

Figure – Bearing block

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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process
Ref: Fundamentals of Graphics Communication by
Gary Bertoline

VISUALIZATION
Problem identification is the ability to mentally
Visualize
& exploration of ideas picture things that do not
exist

Draw , design and record

Sketches initial ideas COMMUNICATION
the design solution
should be communicated
Created from sketches to others without
Geometric model used or analysis ambiguity

Refine, optimize
Detail drawings & record the precise DOCUMENTATION
& data for production permanent record of the
3D model process or solution
implementation
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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process

Problem Definition
Visualize
Exploration of Ideas

Sketches Design

Geometric Analysis
model

Refinement and
Optimization
Detail drawings
& 3D model
Implementation

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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process

Problem Definition
Visualize
Exploration of Ideas

Sketches Design

Geometric Analysis
model

Refinement and
Optimization
Detail drawings
& 3D model
Implementation

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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process

Problem Definition
Visualize
Exploration of Ideas

Sketches Design

Geometric Analysis
model

Refinement and
Optimization
Detail drawings
& 3D model
Implementation

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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process

Problem Definition
Visualize
Exploration of Ideas

Sketches Design

Geometric Analysis
model

Refinement and
Optimization
Detail drawings
& 3D model
Implementation

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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process

Problem Definition
Visualize
Exploration of Ideas

Sketches Design

Geometric Analysis
model

Refinement and
Optimization
Detail drawings
& 3D model
Implementation

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 Traditional Engg. DWG. In Design Process

Problem Definition
Visualize
Exploration of Ideas

Sketches Design

Geometric Analysis
model

Refinement and
Optimization
Detail drawings
& 3D model
Implementation

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

Ref. https://sites.google.com/a/mtlsd.net/citizen-science/ib2/engineering-design-process
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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

1. Identify the Problem

– State the problem that you will solve.
– Be sure to identify what the problem is, why it needs to be solved, and who will
benefit from the solution.
– Describe how existing solutions fail to address the problem.

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

2. Identify Criteria and Constraints

– Specify any criteria and constraints that your solution must encompass to be
successful.
– Write a design brief containing all of the key information to help focus on the
solution.

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

3. Brainstorm Possible Solutions

– Sketch or list as many ideas as you can, focusing on the details in your design brief.
– List all ideas you think of even if they may seem impractical.
– IDEAS:
• Use iPad or online drawing applications (Explain Everything, Educreations, BaiBoard, Show Me, Top Notes)to communicate
their ideas.
• Create a Google Doc or Presentation to list ideas to be shared later with teammates or as a collaborative effort.

• Participate in an online discussion (Google Groups or within a LMS) with their teammates to brainstorm as many
ideas as possible in a given amount of time.

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

4. Generate Ideas
– Select a few of your brainstormed solutions to develop further.
– Create isometric drawings and/or orthographic diagrams, being sure to accurately
label all measurements.

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

5. Explore Possibilities
– Share and discuss your developed ideas to determine which one to pursue.
– Create a pro/con chart or a matrix for your design brief to determine which idea
best fits to solve the problem and meet your criteria and constraints.
– IDEAS:
• Use 3D modeling software to create a model of the their design (Google Sketch Up, Autodesk
Inventor),
• Use iPad or online drawing applications (Explain Everything, Educreations, BaiBoard, Show Me,
Top Notes) to communicate their ideas,
• Create a survey to vote on best idea (Google Forms),
• Create a spreadsheet for students to complete that rates each project on how well it meets the
criteria and constraints (Decision Matrix).
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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

6. Select an Approach
– Examine your pro/con chart or your matrix to decide which idea is the best
approach.
– Add a statement to this effect to your design brief.
– Explain why you have selected this approach and how it will succeed where other
solutions have failed.

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

7. Build a Model
– Construct a full-sized or scale-model based on your isometric and or orthographic
drawings.
– Your model should be made from easily found and low-cost materials, but should
be an operating version of your chosen solution.
– IDEAS:
• Use 3D modeling software to create a model of their design (Google Sketch Up, Autodesk
Inventor) after first drawing a sketch.

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

8. Refine the Design

– Test your solution, making changes when necessary, to refine your design.
– Continue to record your findings in your design brief until you have designed and
tested your final product.
– IDEAS:
• Create data tables and graphs using to organize data and identify patterns or trends (Graph Pad,
Microsoft Excel,
• Work collaboratively on a Google Spreadsheet to collect data
• Create a personal or shared digital space or blog to write journal entries on how they improved
the design after each round of tests
• Take photos or videos to document the improvement in their design throughout the process

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 Engineering Drawing In Design Process

9. Communicate the Results

– IDEAS:
• Create a media rich presentation to communicate their results (prezi, Google Presentations,
Educreations, iMovie, VoiceThread, etc.).
• Participate in an online discussion describing the characteristics that made some teams do so
well.
• Create a brochure or newspaper article as if their design was then going into production.

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 Concurrent Engineering Drawing In Design Process

The engineering design

process consists of three
overlapping areas:
ideation, refinement, and
implementation, which all
share the same 3-D CAD
database.

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 Types of Design Projects

1. Modification of an Existing Design

2. Improvement of an Existing Design
3. Development of a New Product

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CASE STUDY
FROM AN IDEA TO A PRODUCT
 Reference

1. David A. Madsen, Engineering Drawing & Design, 5th edition, Cengage, ISBN-13:
978-1-111-30957-2 (Chapter # 01, 25)
2. Gary Bertoline, Fundamentals of Graphics Communication, 5th edition, McGraw −
Hill, ISBN: 0−390−73230−3 (Chapter # 01, 11)
3. Frederick E. Giesecke, Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15th edition,
Pearson, ISBN 10: 0-13-430641-4 (Chapter # 01)
4. Gary R. Bertoline, Technical Graphics Communications, 4th edition, McGraw − Hill,
ISBN 978–0–07–312837–5 (Chapter # 02, 03)

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 ASSIGNMENT – DESIGNING A PRODUCT

Using Engineering Design Process knowledge, design any one of the following
products mentioned below:
Weightlifting bench.
Design a weightlifting bench that uses a maximum of 600 pounds of free weights. The bench should
include the following stations: bench press, dual action leg lift, and adjustable inclined bench.
Cordless telephone.
Design a cordless telephone.
Cellular telephone mount.
Design a system for mounting cellular telephones in cars. The mount should not be permanent and
should be adaptable to most makes and models of cars. The design should not compromise the safety
of the vehicle operator by impeding the use of controls.
Portable light.
Design a battery-powered portable lighting system that leaves the operator’s hands free. Define a task
for which the operator would need such lighting, and design a light for that situation. Consider the
environment in which the operator is working and the amount of light needed for the task.
 Machine Drawing

It is pertaining to machine parts or

components.
It is presented through a number of
orthographic views, so that the size and
shape of the component is fully understood.
Part drawings and assembly drawings belong
to this classification.

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 Production Drawing

A production drawing, also referred to as

working drawing, should furnish all the
dimensions, limits and special finishing
processes such as heat treatment, honing,
lapping, surface finish, etc., to guide the
craftsman on the shop floor in producing the
component.
The title should also mention the material
used for the product, number of parts required
for the assembled unit, etc.

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 Part Drawing

Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its

manufacture.
All the principles of orthographic projection and the technique of graphic
representation must be followed to communicate the details in a part drawing.
A part drawing with production details is rightly called as a production drawing or
working drawing.

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 Part Drawing

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 Assembly Drawing

A drawing that shows the various parts of a

machine in their correct working locations is
an assembly drawing.

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 Structural Drawing

• A structural drawing, is a plan or set of

plans for how a building or other
structure will be built.
• They are primarily concerned with the
load-carrying members of a structure.
• They outline the size and types of
materials to be used, as well as the
general demands for connections.
• They do not address architectural details
like surface finishes, partition walls, or
mechanical systems.

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 Piping Drawing

Piping is a form of link used to transport

materials used in industrial processes and
manufacturing.
It is specially designed for particular
applications to ensure that it will meet
health and safety standards, in addition to
suiting the needs of a given manufacturing
process.

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 Piping Drawing

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 Building Drawing
Architectural drawings are made according
to a set of conventions, which include
particular views (floor plan, section etc.),
sheet sizes, units of measurement and
scales, annotation and cross referencing.

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 Topographical and Engineering Map
Drawing
Topographical plans and maps are drawings
which show the main physical features on the
ground, such as buildings, fences, roads, rivers,
lakes and forests, as well as the changes in
elevation between land forms such as valleys
and hills (called vertical relief).

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 Design Assembly Drawing

When a machine is designed, an

assembly drawing or a design
layout is first drawn to clearly
visualize the performance, shape
and clearances of various parts
comprising the machine.

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 Detailed Assembly Drawing

A detail assembly drawing shows

how all components are assembled
and provides all the necessary details,
dimensions and joining techniques
(including welding) to fully assemble
all or part of the project.

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 Sub-assembly Drawing

Many assemblies such as an

automobile, lathe, etc., are
assembled with many pre-
assembled components as well as
individual parts.
These pre-assembled units are
known as sub-assemblies.
A sub-assembly drawing is an
assembly drawing of a group of
related parts, that form a part in a
more complicated machine.
Examples of such drawings are:
lathe tail-stock, diesel engine fuel
pump, carburetor, etc.
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 Installation Assembly Drawing

An Installation Drawing provides

information for properly positioning and
installing items relative to their
supporting structure and adjacent items,
as applicable.
On this drawing, the location and
dimensions of few important parts and
overall dimensions of the assembled unit
are indicated.
This drawing provides useful information
for assembling the machine, as this
drawing reveals all parts of a machine in
their correct working position.
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 Assembly Drawings for Catalogues

Special assembly drawings are prepared for

company catalogues.
These drawings show only the pertinent
details and dimensions that would interest the
potential buyer.

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 Assembly Drawings for Instruction
Manuals

These drawings in the form of assembly

drawings, are to be used when a machine,
shipped away in assembled condition, is
knocked down in order to check all the parts
before reassembly and installation elsewhere.
These drawings have each component
numbered on the job.

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 Exploded Assembly Drawing

In some cases, exploded pictorial views are

supplied to meet instruction manual requirements.
These drawings generally find a place in the parts
list section of a company instruction manual.
Drawings of this type can be easily understood
even by those with less experience in the reading
of drawings; because in these exploded views, the
parts are positioned in the sequence of assembly,
but separated from each other.

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 Schematic Assembly Drawing

It is very difficult to understand the operating

principles of complicated machinery, merely from
the assembly drawings.
Schematic representation of the unit facilitates
easy understanding of its operating principle.
It is a simplified illustration of the machine or of a
system, replacing all the elements, by their
respective conventional representations.

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 Machine Shop Drawing

Rough castings and forgings are sent to the

machine shop for finishing operation.
Since the machinist is not interested in the
dimensions and information of the
previous stages, a machine shop drawing
frequently gives only the information
necessary for machining.
Based on the same principle, one may
have forge shop drawing, pattern shop
drawing, sheet metal drawing, etc.

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 Patent Drawing

When new machines or devices are invented,

patent drawings come into existence, to illustrate
and explain the invention.
These are pictorial drawings and must be self-
explanatory.
It is essential that the patent drawings are
mechanically correct and include complete
illustrations of every detail of the invention.
However, they are not useful for production
purposes.
The salient features on the drawing are
numbered for identification and complete
description.
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