AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN MOVIE

HABIBIE & AINUN 3

Introduction
People use language as an arbitrary sound symbol system to work together, interact, and
identify themselves. This sound symbol system is beneficial because, without it, a person cannot
express himself and his will to others (Kridalaksana, 2008). The role of language in human life is
enormous. Almost every day, both in official and unofficial activities. Language is a tool that
cannot be abandoned. That is why language functions as a communication tool with a specific
purpose so that others understand us. So, in this case, the response of the listener or
communication partner is the primary concern of the speaker. By communicating, we can
formulate and convey intentions and everything we feel, think and know to others. The role of
the listener is needed in communicating. Because if there are no listeners, our communication
will not run perfectly.
Since humans use language as a means of communication, there is a unique phenomenon
that still occurs today, namely the use of more than one type of language in communication. This
is because the existence of cultural interactions between nations in the world allows a person to
have the ability to speak more than one language. The mastered languages can be used by
language users interchangeably. The habit of using two languages in interacting or
communicating with other people is called bilingualism or bilingualism (Nababan, 1991). In
conditions of bilingualism or bilingualism, a person often changes language or variety of
languages depending on the circumstances or needs of that language (Nababan, 1991). One of
the problems related to bilingualism is code switching.
A bilingual cannot escape the process of code-switching in which speakers of other
languages use words, phrases or larger language units. According to Apple (in Chaer and
Agustina, 2010), code-switching is a symptom of a transition in the use of language due to
changing situations, such as from a formal situation to an informal situation or vice versa, then
Dell Hymes (in Made Iwan, 2010) states that Code switching has become an umbrella term for
the alternative use of two or more languages, variations of languages or even styles of speech.
According to the definition of the two experts above, code-switching is a variation in language
that switches one language to another due to changing situations.. The use of two or more
languages in code-switching has several symptoms, according to Suwito (1996), which can be
seen from: (a) each language still supports its function according to context, (b) the function of
each language is matched to the conditions relevant to the changing context. This sign indicates
that in code-switching, each language still supports its function exclusively, and code-switching
occurs if speakers feel that the chapter is still relevant.
Code-switching and code-mixing are common in ordinary life and cinematic discussions.
The Rudy Habibie film has been subjected to code-switching analysis. On June 30, 2016, this
film was shown simultaneously in all Indonesian theatres. The public, particularly cinema
experts, paid close attention to this picture's original release. This is because this film portrays
the narrative of B.J Habibie before the film "Habibie and Ainun," which was a huge success.
This film had such a positive response from the audience that it received 2,012,025 viewers and
13 outstanding prizes, and it was named one of the top ten films with the most viewers in 2016.
Based on the description of the background above, the researcher is interested in making
a study entitled "Code Switching in Film Rudy Habibie by Hanung Bramantyo” with the
formulation of the problem as follows (1) What are the types of code-switching in the film Rudy
Habibie? (2) How does code-switching function in the Rudy Habibie movie? (3) What are the
causes of code-switching in Rudy Habibie's film? The aims of this research are (1) to describe
the types of code-switching in Rudy Habibie's film. (2) Describe the function of code-switching
by Hanung Bramantyo in the film Rudy Habibie. (3) Describe the factors that cause code-
switching in the film Rudy Habibie.

Method
Code-switching research on the film Rudy Habibie by Hanung Bramantyo uses
descriptive methods. This qualitative approach is used to describe code-switching in the
dialogues of the film Rudy Habibie.
Sources of data in this study in the form of written notes of Rudy Habibie's conversations
or film dialogues that have been transcribed in written form. The documentary video of the film
was obtained from the Rudy Habibie Film DVD. In this research, the primary data is in the form
of the characters' utterances in the film Rudy Habibie by Hanung Bramantyo, which contain
code-switching. This data was obtained from the DVD film Rudy Habibie, then transcribed into
data, and there was also a script to support it. The steps for collecting data in this study were
identifying and coding the types of code-switching that had previously been transcribed.
Observing and taking notes were utilized as data-collecting approaches (Mahsun, 2007).
The data analysis approach employs content analysis by categorizing, presenting, and generating
conclusions (Suharsaputra, 2012). The data analysis steps included transcribing the data or
capturing video recordings of Hanung Bramantyo's film Rudy Habibie. The method is
transcribed without altering the utterances of the film's actors, which are included in the study's
data source. The data is then categorized based on the phrasing of the problem, which is the
usage of code-switching in this film, in the data clarification step.Result
Code Switching Type
Suwito (in Chaer 2004) divides code-switching into two categories based on linguistic
classification: internal code and external code. The languages employed in internal code-
switching are directly related to geography and genetics. Languages geographically linked are
those that share the same or a similar place. If genetics implies that the languages utilized have a
link or kinship, they are referred to as languages developed from other languages. Meanwhile, in
external code-switching, the source language is neither geographically nor genetically related to
the destination language. The languages involved in external code swapping are not linked. This
signifies that one language is not a descendant, member, or variant of another. Geographically,
the two languages coexist in distinct nations.
 Based on the research results, there is code-switching in the dialogues of the film Rudy
Habibie, amounting to 27 data. Code-switching in Rudy Habibie's film dialogue is divided into
two types, namely internal code-switching and external code-switching. In internal code-
switching, 6 data were found, and 21 were external code-switching. There is genetic or language-
internal code-switching that has a kinship relationship, for example, "Ndak punya pilihan
kumaha?" The word "kumaha" is a form of code-switching because of the language switch that
occurred, namely from Indonesian-Sundanese. So that includes the type of internal code-
switching. External code-switching was also found from a geographical perspective, the two
languages in different countries. For example, in the sentence, “Orangtuaku kawan Nyonya dan
Tuan Neuefiend, kami makan malam dirumah mereka beberapa hari yang lalu. Wir warten auf
Sie, aber Sie sind tatsächlich schmachten in Ihrem Zimmer.” It is a type of external code-
switching because there is code-switching from Indonesian to German.

Table 1. Internal Code Switching Type in Rudy Habibie's film dialogue

No. Data Shown Code Switching Mean Type
1 Ndak punya pilihan Kumaha How Internal
kumaha?
2 Rud, Rudy kunaon Kunaon Why Internal
sih,kenapa?

Table 2. External Code Switching Type in Rudy Habibie's film dialogue

No. Data Shown Code Switching Arti Type
1 Orangtuaku kawan Wir warten auf Sie, Kita Eksternal
Nyonya dan Tuan Wir Wartenauf menunggu
Neuefiend, kami makan Sieaber Siesind kamu dibawah,
malam dirumah mereka tatsäch lich schma tapi kamu
beberapa hari yang lalu. chtenin Ihrem mendekam
Wir warten auf Sie, aber Zimmer. dikamar mu.
Sie sind tatsächlich
schmachte n in Ihrem
Zimmer
2 Lagu dan tariannya Das Essen ist gut Menyenangkan Eksternal
bagus. Das Essen ist gut sekali!
3 Newton membuat You must make Kamu harus Eksternal
teorinya di Inggris. Tapi them understand membawa
manfaatnya sampai about your vision! mereka
seluruh dunia, termasuk mengerti
di Indonesia, bukan? You tentang visi
must make them Anda
understand about your
vision
4 Ich mache mir Sorgen Ich machemir Saya khawatir Eksternal
um deine Studien. Sorgenum deine tentang studi
 Seharusn ya visi ini Studien Anda.
bukan urusan kamu
sendiri. Sekarang Ich
mache mir Sorgen um
deine Studien. Seharusn
ya visi ini bukan urusan
kamu sendiri. Sekarang
kamu malah menguru
sklubraum. musholla ,
malam Indonesia
5 Nein rudy, nein. Aku Nein Tidak Eksternal
yang selalu percaya pada
cita citamu. Itu fakta dan
masalah

Code Switching Function

Ritchie and Bhatio (1996) in Nahdiah (2021) classify the function of code-switching into
five types consisting of (1) quotation, (2) addressee specification, (3) interjection or sentence
filler, (4) ) reiteration, 5) message qualification.
Based on the results of research on the function of code-switching in dialogue speech, the
film Rudy Habibie has five functions, namely (1) quotation. In the data above, no quotations are
found because, usually, code-switching in the form of quotations appears in the view of experts.
For example, when we research Indonesian but use the theory of foreign experts, the contents of
their opinions are automatically in the form of foreign language quotations and then translated
into Indonesian. (2) addressee specification, based on the results of the specification function of
the interlocutor at most, because, in the utterances, the said partners respond to each other with
the questions or statements conveyed. The data found there are 14 data. (3) an interjection or
sentence filler functions as a complement to a sentence because the conversation delivered is
used to complete the previous words that have been answered or only complement it in other
languages. In the complement of the sentence, there are 3 data found. (4) reiteration, where
repetition of statements is needed as an explanation because there are statements or questions in
the second or third language and then repeated in the primary language. In the repetition of
statements, there are 8 data found. (5) Explanation of the message (message qualification) there
is 2 data found, which in the conversation have functions as a clarification of messages or
utterances that are transferred to other languages so that the speech partners understand them.
Code Switching Factor
According to Chaer (1994), code-switching occurs because it is influenced by several
factors (1) the speaker and the speaker's personality, (2) the speech partner, (3) the existence of a
third speaker, (4) the place and time the speech is carried out, (5) the mode of conversation, and
(6) Conversation Topics. The main topic of conversation is a more dominant factor In identifying
whether code-switching occurs, A formal conversation's topic matter is generally portrayed in
conventional variation and a neutral and serious manner. Meanwhile, an informal conversation's
theme or topic is shown in non-standard language. and expressive style, and it is up to the
speaker.
In the data, the factors of code-switching are as follows: (1) Speaker and Personal
Speaker. In the data above, there is one external data where the speaker/personal speaker causes
the occurrence factor. (2) Speech Partners. The research results show five internal code-
switching data and 16 external code-switching caused by speech partners. The factor of code-
switching occurs because the speech partners because the two actors, say something to each
other. (3) There is a third speaker. In the study results, there are 2 data consisting of 1 internal
code-switching data and one external code-switching data. (4) Place and Time of the Speech. In
the data, no factors were found for code-switching based on the place and time the speech was
made. (5) Conversation Mode. In the conversation mode, 3 data appear because of the mode. 6)
Conversation Topics, formal conversation topics are usually shown in a standard variety, neutral
and serious style. While the main topic of informal conversation is shown in a different
language, not a standard, expressive style, and it is up to the speaker. On the topic of
conversation, there is 1 data.

Conclusion
Based on the study results, the use of code-switching in the film "Rudy Habibie" by
Hanung Bramantyo, which was analyzed using a sociolinguistic study contained code-switching
from Indonesian, German, English, Sundanese to Indonesian, totaling 27 data. It is divided into
internal code-switching forms with 6 data and external code-switching forms with 21 data.
According to the origin of the language, code-switching is divided into two forms, namely
internal and external code-switching, the internal code-switching data is 6 data, and the external
code-switching form is 21 data. There is a code-switching function in the Rudy Habibie film
dialogue which consists of 5 functions. The first function is (1) quotation. No data is found that
has a function as a quote, (2) addressee specification. There are 14 data consisting of 11 external
code-switching data and three internal code-switching data. (3) interjection or sentence filler, 3
data contain sentences as complements in the dialogue. (4) reiteration, 8 data have a function as a
repetition of statements, while (5) message qualification, 2 data have a function as an
explanation.

References
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Refika Aditama
Suwito. 1996. Sosiolinguistik. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press