PJM Dynamic Model

Development Guidelines for

Interconnection Analysis
Prepared by:

Interconnection Analysis & Interconnection

Planning Analysis Departments
PJM Interconnection

Revision 0

September 18, 2023

For Public Use

 PJM Dynamic Model Development Guidelines for Interconnection Analysis

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 PJM Dynamic Model Development Guidelines for Interconnection Analysis

Contents
1 Revision History ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

3 Software Compatibility ..................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Inverter Based Resources ................................................................................................................................ 3

4.2.1 Project Specific Data ............................................................................................................................... 5

4.2.2 Modeling Files ......................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Synchronous Generators ............................................................................................................................... 10

5.2.1 Project Specific Data ............................................................................................................................. 11

5.2.2 Modeling Files ....................................................................................................................................... 11
6 Other New Service Requests ......................................................................................................................... 13
7 PJM Model Testing Requirements ................................................................................................................. 13

8 Deliverables ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
9 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
10 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................................... 21

10.3.1 IBR data submission and typical values .............................................................................................. 24

10.3.2 Automatic Voltage Regulation Requirement ........................................................................................ 39
10.3.3 Ride-Through Requirement ................................................................................................................. 40
10.3.4 Primary Frequency Response Requirement........................................................................................ 41

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1 Revision History

Revision Date Description

0 09/18/2023 Initial version

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 PJM Dynamic Model Development Guidelines for Interconnection Analysis

2 Introduction
This document provides a guideline to develop the dynamic model representation (in .idv & .dyr format) for New
Service Request projects (including projects with an ISA/GIA requesting a Necessary Study or submitting As Built
Data) to be used by PJM in dynamic transient stability studies. All electrical facilities must be designed, built and
operated in accordance with applicable NERC, PJM and Interconnection Transmission Owner(s) standards and
criteria. For New Service Request projects and Necessary Study requests, the model shall be parameterized as
closely as possible to the intended design. The As Built Data model must reflect the settings after commissioning.
This document is meant to serve as a guideline in the development of the dynamics model for your project. It is
aimed at facilitating an efficient and timeous model submission and acceptance process. The short review of WECC
Power Plant Models; typical values for Generator/Converter, Electrical Controls, and Plant Controller modules; and
examples of .dyr files are intended to bring clarity and set a minimum standard of the expectation on dynamic model
data submission. The checklist should also help promote good practice of model development by the Project
Developers, facilitate consistent model reviews by the Transmission Planners and ensure the dynamic models meet
applicable interconnection requirements. As the technology evolves, so will the modeling techniques. This document
may not cover every specific scenario. Any unique scenarios or settings that may be required for your project model
shall be noted in the Dynamic Model Report and brought to the attention of PJM in the Queue Point Data Application
form.

2.1 Expectation from Project Developer

The Project Developer shall use this guideline to develop a dynamic model for their project to be used by PJM in
dynamic transient stability studies. The Project Developer will be required to meet the requirements outlined in
Section 8 “Deliverables” in order for PJM to consider the submission as valid. In accordance with PJM Manual 14H
section 2.1.2, failure to comply with the requirements of this document or cure deficiencies within the deficiency
review period will result in the application being withdrawn.

The Dynamic Model Report and Dynamic Model Checklist submitted must include quality assurance sign offs from
responsible parties, to ensure these guidelines were reviewed and followed. This document applies to the following
types of submissions:

a. New Service Request Projects - To be submitted in Queue Point during the Application Phase of the
Cycle.
For any allowable changes made to the New Service Request project at Decision Point 1 or 2, the Project
Developer must update the dynamic model for their project and resubmit the Dynamic Model Report and
Checklist per the Section 8 “Deliverables” in the required timeframe.
b. Necessary Study Requests – To be submitted in Queue Point along with the Necessary Study data
submission.
c. As Built Data Submissions - To be submitted in Queue Point along with the As Built data submission.

3 Software Compatibility
The power flow (.idv) and dynamic models (.dyr) provided as representation of the New Service Request project must
be usable by the software platform used to perform the simulation. PJM uses Siemens PTI PSS/E to perform

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 PJM Dynamic Model Development Guidelines for Interconnection Analysis

transient stability analysis, and dynamic models and files provided must be compatible with the specific version listed
for each queue/cycle, and also with any later version listed (for inclusion into future year base cases).

PSS/E Versions by Queue/Cycle

PJM Queue/Cycle PSS/E Version

AC1 33.7.0
AC2 33.7.0
AD1 33.7.0
AD2 33.7.0
AE1 33.7.0
AE2 33.7.0
AF1 33.12.1
AF2 33.12.1
AG1 34.7
TC1 1 34.7

4 Inverter Based Resources

4.1 General Modeling Requirements

The following modeling requirements, as provided in the WECC Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Modeling and
Validation Guideline 2, are adopted for all inverter-based power plants and provided below.

The power flow model for an inverter-based power plant includes:

• An explicit representation of the interconnection transmission line

• An explicit representation of all station transformers
• An equivalent representation of the collector systems for projects with an MFO ≥ 20 MW.
• An equivalent representation of inverter pad-mounted transformers with a scaled MVA rating
• An equivalent representation of generators scaled to match the total capacity of the plant
• An explicit representation of all plant-level reactive compensation devices either as shunts (fixed or
switchable) or as generators (FACTs devices), if applicable
• An explicit representation of any station and/or auxiliary loads

The figures below show examples of a Solar PV plant representation, which can be applied to other Inverter Based
Resources (IBRs).

A typical inverter based plant is represented by the single machine equivalence, as depicted in Figure 1.

1 Transition Cycle 1
2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Modeling and Validation Guideline

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 PJM Dynamic Model Development Guidelines for Interconnection Analysis

Single-Generator Equivalent Power Flow Representation for a Solar PV Power Plant

An inverter based plant that comprises of different inverter manufacturers having different reactive capability, control
setup and protection setup would need to use a multi-generator representation as shown in Figure 2.

Multiple-Generator Equivalent Power Flow Representation for a Solar PV Power Plant

The dynamic model includes:

• A generator/converter module representing the typical inverter based resource in the plant, scaled-up to
match the plant’s aggregate nameplate rating
• A local electrical control module which translates real and reactive power references into current commands
• A plant-level control module which sends real and reactive power references to the local electrical controller,
if the plant-level control is put in place
• Frequency and voltage protection modules, which show inverter protection settings under abnormal
frequency and voltage conditions

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PJM strongly encourages the use of PSSE library models. Dynamic models listed on the Unacceptable Models List,
Appendix 10.2 of this document, are not allowed.

If a User Defined Model (UDM) is provided, the requirements in the Deliverables section of this document must be
met. For UDMs, the developer will be responsible to update their project’s dynamic model to support higher PSSE
versions as these become available in the future (updated idv & dyr with version specific DLL files and supporting
files as applicable). See Dynamic Data (.DYR) – User Defined Models section below for additional details.

4.2 PJM Dynamic Model Configuration

The Data Application form shall be completed and submitted in Queue Point. The data and information provided in
the form shall match the data and parameters provided as the model for the project. Refer to the Appendix of this
document for a sample format for the .idv and .dyr files submitted.

4.2.1 Project Specific Data

Generator Data:

a. The MW per inverter specified in the generator data section of the Data Application form will be the initial
modeling point. If the MW net output of the plant at the Point of Interconnection (POI) is above or below the
Maximum Facility Output (MFO), the MW per inverter shall be adjusted within the units MVA capability.
b. The inverter manufacturer and model shall match any additional documentation provided in the Data
Application form.
c. Terminal voltage shall match the low side winding of the Inverter Step Up Transformer.

Maximum Facility Output (MFO):

a. The full facility model must be checked to ensure the gross active power output of the generator(s) can meet
the MFO at the POI considering loads and losses for the facility.
b. The net active power output must be equal to the MFO requested.
c. If the MFO is not met at the POI, adjustments would need to be made to ensure the MFO requested can be
achieved at the POI.
d. The analysis will be performed with the queue project meeting the MFO at the POI.

Reactive Power Capability Curve:

a. Must be provided with the Data Application form

b. The MVA capability must match the MVA base per inverter in the Data Application form
c. The PQ curve must match the inverter make and model name as provided in the Data Application form
d. A reasonable ambient temperature of 95F (35C) should be assumed. Justification along with supporting
documentation must be included with your submission, for exceptions to this ambient temperature
assumption.
e. The reactive power (Qmax/Qmin) modeled for power flow is determined using this curve based on the MW
operating point required to meet the MFO.

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4.2.2 Modeling Files

4.2.2.1 Power Flow (.IDV)
The facility shall be modeled in a response file (.idv) that uses RDCH to specify the data. The .idv provided must
always include a full representation of the facility configuration, instead of updating just specific portions of the model.
The .idv model submitted to PJM for the queue project shall include the following configuration:

Generator:

a. Modeled at the terminal voltage specified in the Data Application form.

b. The Pgen and Pmax shall be set equal to each other to meet the MFO at the POI, with unity power factor
measured at the high side of the main transformer.
c. The Qmin and Qmax limits shall be set based on the reactive capability curve for the active power operating
point.
d. MVA base and active and reactive power limits should all be set as the equivalent of the aggregate number
of inverters multiplied by the capability per inverter.
e. The generator source impedance should be selected such that the short circuit current contribution is
negligible (i.e. a large value).
f. The control mode should be set to ‘1 Standard Qt, QB limits’ if the model uses PSS/E library models.
g. Remote bus can be set to 0.

Inverter Step Up Transformer:

a. Inverter Step Up (ISU) Transformer should be included. Note: Inverters without the ISU Transformer
explicitly being modeled shall include a note from the inverter manufacturer that the reactive capability curve
and the dynamic model is prepared for a 34.5 kV terminal voltage.
b. Impedance I/O Code set to ‘2 Zpu (winding kV winding MVA)’. All other I/O codes can be left at the default
PSS/E values.
c. Winding MVA shall be the equivalent of the aggregate number of ISU transformers multiplied by the
capability per transformer. Include the winding configuration (per TO requirements)
d. Include load tap changer settings (Number of taps and voltage % per tap)

Collector System:

a. The equivalent collector system impedance shall be modeled for all projects
b. The total branch positive and negative sequence impedances (R, X and B) shall be provided in per unit on a
100MVA base

Additional Reactive Compensation:

a. If additional reactive compensation is needed, the specific size, step details, and control mode shall be
modeled.
b. Modeled at the low side bus of the Main Station transformer

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Main Station Transformer:

a. Impedance I/O Code set to ‘2 Zpu (winding kV winding MVA)’ All other I/O codes can be left at the default
PSS/E values.
b. Include the winding configuration (per TO requirements)
c. Include load tap changer settings (Number of taps and voltage % per tap)

Loads:

a. Auxiliary Load shall be modeled using the ID “XA”

b. Station Service Load shall be modeled using ID “XS”

Attachment Line:

a. The attachment line impedance data and line length shall be included.

4.2.2.2 Dynamic Data (.DYR) – Library Models

The dynamic representation of large-scale IBRs requires the use of three renewable energy modules as listed below.
Wind turbine models may also need additional modules such as WTDTAU1/WTDTA1, WTARAU1/WTARA1,
WTPTAU1/WTPTA1 and WTTQAU1/WTTQA1. These modules shall be provided in .dyr format with suitable
parameters to represent the project over the entire range of operating conditions.

1| REGC (REGC_*) module, used to represent the generator/converter (inverter) interface with the grid. It
processes the real and reactive current command and outputs of real and reactive current injection into the
grid model.
Key points to note:
a. Momentary Cessation (MC) Check:
i. If LVPLSW (ICON(M)) is 1, then check if Zerox (CON(J+3)) is greater than zero, then this
is a possible active current reduction contributing to MC
ii. If Lvpnt0 (CON(J+7)) is greater than zero, then this is a possible active current reduction
contributing to MC
b. Acceleration Factor, Accel (CON(J+13)): This parameter may be adjusted, if needed, between >0
and <= 1. If adjustment of this value provided with the model is not recommended, please indicate
this with your model submission.
2| REEC (REEC_*) module, used to represent the electrical controls of the inverters. It acts on the active and
reactive power reference from the REPC module, with feedback of terminal voltage and generator power
output, and gives real and reactive current commands to the REGC module.
Key points to note:
a. The REECB model is not an acceptable model
b. REECA: To be used for PV projects and DC coupled hybrid (DC side charging only)
i. PFFlag (ICON(M+1)) should be set to 0 if a REPC model is provided.

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ii. PQFlag (ICON(M+5)): Preference is Q priority but if P priority is selected please provide a
brief description of the reasoning
iii. Qmax (CON(J+13)) and Qmin (CON(J+14)): Shall match the maximum and minimum
reactive power capability from the reactive capability curve
iv. Pmax (CON(J+25)) and Pmin (CON(J+26)): Shall match the maximum and minimum
active power capability from the reactive capability curve.
v. Imax (CON(J+27)): Value is typically 1.0 p.u. but if greater than 1 review real and reactive
current limits for model closely.
vi. Voltage Dependent Logic (VDL) Vq1 (CON(J+29)) to Ip4 (CON(J+44)): If current is
reduced to zero check if this is a current reduction contributing to MC. Note the first Vq
and Vp entries that are 0 signal the end of the V-I pairs in PSS/E.
c. REECC: To be used for BESS projects and DC coupled hybrid (grid charging only)
i. PQFlag (ICON(M+4): Preference is Q priority but if P priority is selected please provide a
brief description of the reasoning
ii. Qmax (CON(J+10)) and Qmin (CON(J+11)): Shall match the maximum and minimum
reactive power capability from the reactive capability curve
iii. Pmax (CON(J+21)) and Pmin (CON(J+22)): Shall match the maximum and minimum
active power capability from the reactive capability curve.
iv. Imax (CON(J+23)): Value is typically 1.0 p.u. but if greater than 1 review real and reactive
current limits for model closely
v. Voltage Dependent Logic (VDL) Vq1 (CON(J+25)) to Ip4 (CON(J+40)): If current is
reduced to zero check if this is a current reduction contributing to MC. Note the first Vq
and Vp entries that are 0 signal the end of the V-I pairs in PSS/E
3| REPC (REPC_*) module, used to represent the plant controller. It processes voltage and reactive power
output to emulate volt/VAr control at the plant level. It also processes frequency and active power output to
emulate active power control. This module gives active reactive and power commands to the REEC module.
Key points to note:
a. Remote bus for voltage control (ICON(M)) should be set to POI
b. ICON (M+1) to (M+3) should be set to the generator tie line branch with ICON (M+2) being the POI
bus. When projects share the attachment line, then this should be specified according to the
collector system/branch.
c. RefFlag (ICON(M+5)): Should be set to 1 since POI voltage control is preferred
d. Fflag (ICON(M+6)): Shall be set to 1 for frequency regulation for projects entering the queue/cycle
after Oct 1, 2018.
e. Qmax (CON(J+13)) and Qmin (CON(J+14)) shall be set to the limits modeled in the power flow
case with +/-0.001 p.u. addition to prevent log messages about the model initializing at a limit.
f. Deadband for Frequency Control (CON(J+18) to (J+19)): Frequency deadband cannot be greater
than +/-0.0006 p.u. (+/-0.036 Hz).
g. Pmax (CON(J+22)) and Pmin (CON(J+23)) shall be set to the limits modeled in the power flow
case with +/-0.001 p.u. addition to prevent log messages about the model initializing at a limit.

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h. Droop for frequency control Ddn (CON(J+25)) and Dup (CON(J+26)): Maximum frequency droop of
5% is allowed, therefore Ddn and Dup value cannot be less than 20. Note PV and wind may
provide 0 for Dup.
Note: For different inverters or wind turbines, or if a single plant controller is being used for multiple inverter
models, the PLNTBU1 plant controller may be utilized. This model has to be used with other models like
REAX4BU1 (auxiliary signal model for Type 4 wind machines), REAX3BU1 (auxiliary signal model for Type
3 wind machines), SVCAXBU1 (auxiliary signal model for SVC), FCTAXBU1 (auxiliary signal model for
FACTS device), or SYNAXBU1 (auxiliary signal model for synchronous condenser). The inputs to models
REAX4BU1, REAX3BU1, SVCAXBU1 and SYNAXBU1 are the output from the PLNTBU1 model.

In addition to the above three modules, the actual inverter high and low Voltage and Frequency Protection settings
shall also be included in the dyr file using the VTGTPAT/FRQTPAT or VTGDCAT/FRQDCAT models. Voltage and
Frequency protection characteristics shall meet or exceed NERC PRC-024-3 requirements. Limits provided shall
reflect the intended settings for the facility. Note that most inverters are capable of riding through voltage and
frequency excursions beyond the minimum ride though characteristics defined in PRC-024-3. If the minimum ride
though characteristics in PRC-024-3 are provided please provide a brief description on the justification.

1| VTGTPAT/VTGDCAT Under/Over voltage generator trip relay:

a. Low and high voltage settings not intended to be utilized shall be set to a value that prevents the
unit from unintentionally tripping.
b. Conflicting pickup times for the same voltage threshold shall be eliminated.
c. No values shall be within the no trip zone of PRC-024-3.
2| FRQTPAT/FRQDCAT Under/Over frequency generator trip relay
a. Low and high frequency settings not intended to be utilized shall be set to a value that prevents the
unit from unintentionally tripping.
b. Conflicting pickup times for the same frequency threshold shall be eliminated.
c. No values shall be within the no trip zone of PRC-024-3.
d. The Over/Under Frequency relay settings should be selected not to operate for numerical
frequency deviations observed in PSSE during the disturbances. Instantaneous tripping shall not
be allowed.
e. Note PSS/E can result in erroneous frequency deviations following fault clearing of local faults that
can be minimized by metering a point closer to the POI in the plant.
4.2.2.3 Dynamic Data (.DYR) – User Defined Models
A user defined model needs to meet the same requirements laid out above for the library model.

The user defined model and all modules shall be provided in .dyr format with suitable parameters to represent the
project. Written documentation/user manual from the manufacturer must be supplied explaining the dynamic device
parameters and performance characteristics. The model manual must show control block diagrams, design logic,
descriptions of all model parameters, a list of which parameters are commonly tuned for site-specific settings, and a
description of procedures for using the model in dynamic simulations.

Any benign warning messages that are generated by the model code at compilation time shall also be documented.
Source code, .dll file, and Object file(s) shall be provided for the user defined model(s) in the applicable PSSE

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version. Any available higher versions of the user defined model shall also be provided. To support future basecase
development, updated PSSE versions and supporting documentation for your user model must be provided when
requested by PJM, within 30 days.

The actual inverter high and low Voltage and Frequency Protection settings shall also be included in the dyr file
provided, using the appropriate PSSE models.

Details on Momentary Cessation, whether present or not, must be provided.

5 Synchronous Generators

5.1 General Modeling Requirements

The following modeling requirements are adopted for synchronous units.

The power flow model for synchronous generator facility includes:

• An explicit representation of the interconnection transmission line

• An explicit representation of all main power transformer(s)
• As explicit representation of any station service and/or auxiliary load(s)
• An explicit representation of synchronous generator(s)
• An explicit representation of all plant-level reactive compensation devices either as shunts (fixed or
switchable), if applicable
The Figure 3 shows an example of a single synchronous generator facility representation.

One line representation of a single synchronous generator

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5.2 PJM Dynamic Model Configuration

The Data Application form shall be completed and submitted in Queue Point. The data and information provided in
the form shall match the data and parameters provided as the model for the project. Refer to the Appendix of this
document for a sample format for the .idv and .dyr files submitted.

5.2.1 Project Specific Data

Maximum Facility Output (MFO):

a. The full facility model must be checked to ensure the gross active power output of the generator(s) can meet
the MFO at the POI considering loads and losses for the facility.
b. The net active power output must be equal to the MFO requested.
c. If the MFO is not met at the POI, adjustments would need to be made to ensure the MFO requested can be
achieved at the POI.
d. The analysis will be performed with the queue project meeting the MFO at the POI.
e. For uprate requests, provide documentation of existing contractual MFO values prior to the uprate request.

Reactive Power Capability & Saturation Curve:

a. Must be provided with the Data Application form

b. Indicate the curve (based on ambient temperature, cooling water temperature, etc.) to be used for maximum
Summer and/or Winter Gross MW operating values.
c. A reasonable ambient temperature of 95F (35C) should be assumed. Justification along with supporting
documentation must be included with your submission, for exceptions to this ambient temperature
assumption.
d. The reactive power (Qmax/Qmin) modeled for power flow is determined using the specified curve based on
the Gross MW operating point for Summer and/or Winter
e. For uprate requests, provide documentation of the contractual power factor requirements prior to the uprate
request.
f. Saturation curves must be provided.

5.2.2 Modeling Files

5.2.2.1 Power Flow (.IDV)
The facility shall be modeled in a response file (.idv) that uses RDCH to specify the data. The .idv provided must
always include a full representation of the facility configuration, instead of updating just specific portions of the model.

The .idv model submitted to PJM for the queue project shall include the following configuration:

Generator:

a. Modeled at the terminal voltage specified in the Data Application data form.
b. The Pgen and Pmax shall be set equal to each other to meet the MFO at the POI with unity power factor.
c. The Qmin and Qmax limits shall be set based on the reactive capability curve for the active power operating
point.

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d. The generator source impedance (Zsource) shall be set equal to the unsaturated sub transient reactance
value (X”d)

Main Station Transformer:

a. Impedance I/O Code set to ‘2 Zpu (winding kV winding MVA)’ All other I/O codes can be left at the default
PSS/E values.
b. Ensure correct transformer MVA base is provided per the cooling class designations specified
c. Include the winding configuration (per TO requirements)
d. Include load tap changer settings (Number of taps and voltage % per tap)

Loads:

a. Auxiliary Load shall be modeled using the ID “XA”

b. Station Service Load shall be modeled using ID “XS”

Attachment Line:

a. The attachment line impedance data and line length shall be included.
5.2.2.2 Dynamic Data (.DYR) – Library Models
a. Utilize the appropriate model(s) to represent your facility (i.e.: Hydro, Nuclear, etc.)
b. The dynamic model data must include, at a minimum, a generator model, a governor model, an exciter
model, and if applicable, a power system stabilizer model and an excitation limiter model.
c. For Steam Turbines operating in sliding pressure mode, a governor model is not required. Provide an
explanation for this.
d. Generator inertia constant H (kWs/kVA) must be the combined Turbine-Generator-Exciter Inertia
e. Unsaturated values for all reactance values must be entered for the generator model
f. All reactance and resistance values must be provided in per unit on the machine MVA base at machine
terminal voltage.
5.2.2.3 Dynamic Data (.DYR) – User Defined Models
If a user defined model must be provided, it shall be in .dyr format with suitable parameters to represent the project.
Written documentation/user manual from the manufacturer must be supplied explaining the dynamic parameters and
performance characteristics. The model manual must show control block diagrams, design logic, descriptions of all
model parameters, a list of which parameters are commonly tuned for site-specific settings, and a description of
procedures for using the model in dynamic simulations.

Any benign warning messages that are generated by the model code at compilation time shall also be documented.
Source code, .dll file, and Object file(s) shall be provided for the user defined model(s) in the applicable PSSE
version. Any available higher versions of the user defined model shall also be provided. To support future basecase
development, updated PSSE versions and supporting documentation for your user model must be provided when
requested by PJM, within 30 days.

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6 Other New Service Requests

For New Service Requests not covered in this guideline, such as but not limited to, HVDC requests, Offshore Wind
requests, etc., a complete power flow model (.idv) and dynamic model (.dyr) for the project and the manufactures
dynamic modeling guidelines describing parameter meanings and range of settings for the project, as planned to be
installed, up to the Point of Interconnection must be provided.

The PJM Model Testing Requirements and Deliverables listed in the sections below must be met.

7 PJM Model Testing Requirements

Develop a .idv and .dyr file for the queue project model using a single machine infinite bus system in the appropriate
PSS/E version, following the guidelines provided in the sections above. The SMIB shall connect to the POI using the
equivalent Thevenin impedance with a SCR of 3 and X/R of 5. The project specific bus numbers will be applied
when the files are submitted to PJM.

See sections in Appendix 10 to help with meeting the PJM Model Testing Requirements and Deliverables listed
below for your dynamic model submission.

7.1 MFO Assessment

Verify that the MFO requested by the New Service Request project is achievable at the POI.

• The full facility model must be checked to ensure the gross active power output of the generator(s) can meet
the MFO at the POI considering loads and losses for the facility.
• The net active power output must be equal to the MFO.
• If the MFO is not met at the POI, adjustments would need to be made to ensure the MFO requested can be
achieved at the POI.
Sample MFO Assessment table

Active Power
(MW)

Requested MFO 650

Gross MW 662
Station Load + Auxiliary Load 8.15
Losses 3.85
MW at the POI 650
MW at the POI meets requested MFO Yes

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7.2 Power Factor Assessment

In accordance with FERC Order No. 827 3 and Section 4.7 of Attachment O of the PJM Open Access Transmission
Tariff 4, the following power factor requirements apply to New Service Request projects connecting to the PJM
Transmission system:

• New and uprates to a non-synchronous generator shall provide 0.95 leading and 0.95 lagging power factor
at the high-side of the main station transformer or the onshore station Transformer. The power factor range
between 0.95 leading and 0.95 lagging shall be dynamic.
• New synchronous generators (> 20 MW) shall provide 0.95 leading and 0.90 lagging power factor at the
generator terminals.
• New synchronous generators (≤ 20 MW) shall provide 0.95 leading and 0.90 lagging power factor at the
point of interconnection.
• Uprates to synchronous generators (> 20 MW) shall provide 1.00 leading and 0.90 lagging power factor at
the generator terminals.
• Uprates to synchronous generators (≤ 20 MW) shall provide 1.00 leading and 0.90 lagging power factor at
the point of interconnection.
• For uprates to prior queue projects or existing units the reactive power requirements in the Interconnection
Service Agreement (ISA) is used for that respective MFO portion of the unit.

A power factor assessment shall be performed to determine if the facility can provide the reactive power necessary to
meet the requirement at the specified measurement point, while meeting the MFO requested, for both lagging
and leading. If the unit cannot meet the requirement, the Interconnection Customer is required to indicate how they
intend to modify the design of their facility to meet the requirement. The assessment considers the following:

Inverter Based Resources:

1| Reactive Capability of the Inverter:

a. Use the PQ curve submitted for V=1.0pu from the inverter manufacturer. Determine the Qmax and
Qmin available at the Gross MW output of the inverter. Multiply the results by the number of
turbines/inverters by type, and sum.
b. The inverters shall have a minimum dynamic reactive capability range of 0.95 leading to 0.95
lagging at the terminals.
2| Reactive Capability at the POI:
a. Use Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) to set the POI voltage to the voltage schedule per
Manual 035.
b. Model the transmission attachment line, the main power transformer, the equivalent collector
system, auxiliary and/or station service loads, the equivalent step up transformers and inverters.

3 FERC Order No. 827

4 PJM OATT Attachment O, Section 4.7
5 PJM Manual 03

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c. Set the inverter’s active power dispatch to meet the MFO requested at the POI.
d. Model any switched shunts and include any STATCOM or SVC devices if provided.
i. Lagging test:
• Ensure all reactive compensation devices (E.g.: Inverters, shunt capacitors, SVC,
STATCOMs) within the facility are at the maximum capacitive output allowing the
steady-state solution to converge.
• Set the inverter to output its maximum reactive power capability, without exceeding
1.1 pu terminal voltage.
• In cases where the inverter is not outputting the maximum capacitive reactive power
capability with terminal voltage under 1.10 p.u., the transformer taps can be
adjusted to ensure capacitive maximum reactive power output from the inverter.
Document changes made.
• Verify that the MFO is met. If it does not, adjust the inverter’s active power to meet
the MFO and determine the inverter’s new maximum reactive power based on PQ
curve.
• Calculate the reactive power losses.
• Calculate the Total Available Reactive Power at High Side of Main transformer
• Determine whether the project meets the reactive power requirements or not.
b. Leading test
i. Ensure all reactive compensation devices (E.g.: Inverters, SVC, STATCOM’s) excluding shunt
reactors within the facility are at the maximum inductive output allowing the steady-state
solution to converge.
ii. Set the inverter to output its minimum reactive power capability, without exceeding 0.90 pu
terminal voltage.
iii. In cases where the inverter is not absorbing the maximum inductive reactive power capability
with terminal voltage above 0.90 p.u., the transformer taps can be adjusted to ensure
maximum inductive reactive power is absorbed from the inverter. Document changes made.
iv. Verify that the MFO is met. If it does not, adjust the inverter’s active power to meet the MFO
and determine the inverter’s new minimum reactive power based on PQ curve.
v. Calculate the reactive power losses.
vi. Calculate the Total Available Reactive Power at High Side of Main transformer
vii. Determine whether the project meets the reactive power requirements or not.

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Sample Power Factor Assessment Table for IBRs

Required Power
MFO Factor Range Maximum Maximum
Generator
(MW) Lagging Leading
Lagging Leading
Qmax (Mvar) Qmin (Mvar)
AE1-xxx 120 0.95 0.95
AF2-xxx (uprate) 7 0.95 0.95
Total Reactive Power Required 41.74 -41.74
Qmax Qmin
Reactive Power from Generators at Gross MW (obtained from D curve)
79.5 -79.5
Reactive Power Losses (includes any planned compensation) -22.63 -33.94
Station Load + Auxiliary Load -0.18 -0.18

Total available reactive power at high side of main transformer 56.69 -113.62

Deficiency in Reactive Power Meet Meet

Customer Planned Compensation, if any, included in assessment above = X MVAR

For reactive deficiencies, the Interconnection Customer is required to indicate how they intend to meet the power
factor requirement and include this with their model submission. Capacitor bank size cannot be greater than the
reactive power losses. An updated power factor assessment table must be provided showing that the plant meets the
power factor requirements.

See Appendix 10.3.2 for IBR dynamic model parameters settings to operate in automatic voltage control mode.

Synchronous Generators:

a. Power factor assessment shall be performed for each individual unit (eg: CT, ST) and not for the facility as a
whole
b. For uprate requests, the breakdown or split of the requested uprate MW’s among each of the units (eg: CT1,
CT2 and ST) must be provided.
c. Typically performed for Winter energy values.
d. If the unit has ambient air cooling that can vary with ambient temperature, then a reactive assessment shall
be performed for winter energy and summer energy values. Include another set of tables of similar format
using the summer energy values.
e. Use the reactive capability curve provided by the generator manufacturer to obtain the Qmax and Qmin
available at the Gross MW output of the unit.

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Sample Power Factor Assessment Table for Synchronous Generators (CT1, CT2, ST)

Required Power Factor

Generator Winter MFO Range Maximum Lagging Maximum
(CT 1, 2) (MW) (Mvar) Leading (Mvar)
Lagging Leading
AA1-xxx 117 0.9 0.95 56 -38
AC2-xxx (uprate) 4.75 0.9 1 2 0
Total Reactive Power Required 58 -38
Total Available Reactive Power from Generators at Gross MW (121.75 Qmax Qmin
MW) 80 -45
Deficiency in Reactive Power Meet Meet

Required Power Factor

Generator Winter MFO Range Maximum Lagging Maximum
(ST) (MW) (Mvar) Leading (Mvar)
Lagging Leading
AA1-xxx 135 0.9 0.95 62.47 -44.1
AC2-xxx (uprate) 0.5 0.9 1 0 0
Total Reactive Power Required 62.47 -44.1
Total Available Reactive Power from Generators at Gross MW (135.5 Qmax Qmin
MW) 62.47 -66.15
Deficiency in Reactive Power Meet Meet

For reactive deficiencies, the Interconnection Customer is required to indicate how they intend to meet the power
factor requirement and include this with their model submission.

7.3 Flat Start Test

The power flow and dynamic models for any type of generator must be usable by the Siemens PTI PSSE software
platform to perform the simulation. The usability requirement includes three aspects:

1| All the models and associated parameters should be read by the simulation software correctly.
a. The number of each power flow element including buses, lines, transformers, generators, shunts
must match the number in the .sav file.
b. Parameters read into the software must match the values in the .sav file.
c. The number of dynamic models read into the software must match the number of dynamic models
in the .dyr file.
d. Parameters read into the software must match the values in the .dyr file.
2| There are no initialization errors for the dynamic models and the warning messages are reviewed with
resolution or explanation.
3| The models must flat start (i.e.: produce flat lines) for a 20-second no-disturbance simulation. The PJM
definition of flat start is variations of generator outputs Pgen and Qgen over 20 seconds no greater than 0.1
MW or 0.1 MVAR movement. The results of the flat start test shall show the unit(s) initializes without any
DSTATE errors or suspect initial conditions in the log file and the real power, reactive power, voltage and
frequency remain consistent thought out the simulation in the out file and the plots.

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7.4 Voltage Ride Through (VRT) Test (for IBRs)

For inverter based resources a three-phase fault is applied at the POI for 9 cycles. The fault is cleared without the
loss of any elements. The results of the VRT test shall show the unit(s) does not trip, the real and reactive power
recovers to the prefault value. The response shall also be reviewed to see if the unit(s) entered Momentary Cessation
if both the real and reactive current went to 0. See Appendix 10.3.3 for details.

7.5 Momentary Cessation (for IBRs)

Momentary Cessation is when no current is injected into the grid by the inverter during low or high voltage conditions
outside of the continuous operating range.
Reference: NERC Reliability Guideline “BPS-Connected Inverter-Based Resources Performance”, September 2018
https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Inverter-Based_Resource_Performance_Guideline.pdf

The NERC recommendation is to eliminate Momentary Cessation (MC) to the extent possible. If Momentary
Cessation cannot be eliminated due to equipment limitations, notify PJM when submitting the dynamic model for the
project.

7.6 Primary Frequency Response

Verify the relevant dynamic model parameters are set to provide primary frequency response.

FERC Order No. 842 6 and Section 4.7.2 of Attachment O of the PJM Open Access Transmission Tariff 7 includes the
requirement that a “Generator Interconnection Customer shall ensure the primary frequency response capability of its
Customer Facility by installing, maintaining, and operating a functioning governor or equivalent controls.”

The ISA/GIA states the “Generator Interconnection Customer is required to install a governor or equivalent controls
with the capability of operating: (1) with a maximum 5 percent droop and +/- 0.036 Hz deadband” and “the droop
characteristic shall be: (1) based on the nameplate capacity of the Customer Facility, and shall be linear in the range
of frequencies between 59 to 61 Hz that are outside of the deadband parameters”. See Appendix 10.3.4 for details.

6 FERC Order No. 842

7 PJM OATT Attachment O, Section 4.7.2

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8 Deliverables
A Dynamic Model Report with the Dynamic Model Checklist in Appendix 10.4 must be submitted along with
quality assurance sign offs from responsible parties. Report shall include a summary of model development per
guidelines in this document. Deliverables shall include:

1| Completed Queue Point Data Application form along with all requested files to be submitted via the
Queue Point portal.
2| If a Library model is submitted, provide the .idv and .dyr files for the project developed using the guidelines
in this document. See Appendix 10.1 for sample format.
3| If a UDM is submitted, provide a properly compiled PSSE version .sav case along with .idv, .dyr and .DLL
files appropriately parameterized for the project using the guidelines in this document. Also include:
a. A report on how the settings of the model were parameterized along with the manufacturer’s
documentation, including user guide of the UDM
b. Block diagram for the model and sub modules, along with values, names and detailed explanation
of all model parameters
4| Provide the .raw, .sav case, .cnv, .snp and .sld file for the project (case setup folder/files)
5| Verify that all testing requirements are met. Must provide:
c. MFO assessment table for the project
d. Power Factor Assessment table for the project along with PQ curve used, along with case setup
for power factor assessment (lagging & leading scenarios)
e. Confirmation that the unit meets FERC Order No. 827 with regards to automatic voltage
regulation, with appropriate model settings included in the Dynamic Model report
f. Results for the flatstart test including log, out and test plots showing Power, VARs, Eterm, Freq
and Volt for each inverter(s)/generator(s)
g. Results for the VRT test including log, out and test plots showing Power, VARs, Eterm, Freq and
Volt for each inverter(s). Provide confirmation that Momentary Cessation is eliminated (if not,
provide reason)
h. Confirmation that Primary Frequency Response is enabled
Place all files required per the Deliverables above, including the Dynamic Model Report and Dynamic Model
Checklist in a folder, zip and attach/upload in Queue Point under the Generator Information Section > Stability
Models.

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9 References
1| Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Modeling and Validation Guideline, MVWG, December 9, 2019
https://www.wecc.org/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/Reliability/Solar%20PV%20Plant%20Mode
ling%20and%20Validation%20Guidline.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1
2| Reliability Guideline: Improvements to Interconnection Requirements for BPS-Connected Inverter-Based
Resources, NERC IRPTF, September 2019
https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Reliability_Guideline_IBR_Interconnection_Requi
rements_Improvements.pdf

3| PJM Manual 14B

https://pjm.com/-/media/documents/manuals/m14b.ashx
4| PRC-024-3
https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standards/PRC-024-3.pdf
5| WECC Wind Power Plant Power Flow Modeling Guide
https://www.wecc.org/Reliability/WECCWindPlantPowerFlowModelingGuide.pdf

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10 Appendix

10.1 Sample Format for .idv and .dyr files

The .idv and .dyr file provided for your project must include the following header at the top of the file, with the relevant
information filled out.

/*****************************************************
/*** Project Number:
/*** Project Name:
/*** POI location:
/*** TO Zone:
/*** MFO:
/*** Fuel Type:
/*** Inverter Details (Number x MW/inverter) OR Generators (CT, ST configuration):
/*** PSSE Version:
/*** Date:
/*** Description of Changes: (not required if this is the first file submission for the project)
/*****************************************************
Start .idv/.dyr modeling information here

10.2 Unacceptable Models List

Model Description
WT3G1, WT3G2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (Type 3)
WT4G1, WT4G2 Wind generator model with power converter (Type 4)
WT3E1 Electrical control for Type 3 wind generator
WT4E1, WT4E2 Electrical control models for Type 4 wind generator
WT3T1 Mechanical system model for Type 3 wind generator
WT3P1 Pitch control model for Type 3 wind generator
WT12A1 Pseudo-governor model for Type 1 and Type 2 wind generators
REECB1, REECBU1 Renewable Energy Electrical Control model (for large scale PV)
GENSAL Salient pole generator model
GENCLS Classical generator model
GENTRA Transient Level Generator Model
SEXS Simplified excitation system model
EX2000 EX2000 Excitation System
COMPCC Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model for Cross-Compound Units
URGS3T WECC gas turbine governor model
GAST Gas Turbine-Governor
GAST2A Gas Turbine Model
GASTWD Woodward Gas Turbine-Governor Model
IEEEG2 1981 IEEE type 2 turbine-governor model
WESGOV Westinghouse digital governor for gas turbine
PVGU1 User written generator model to represent photo-voltaic (PV) systems
PVEU1 User written electrical control model for photo-voltaic(PV) systems

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10.3 Dynamic Model Descriptions for IBRs

The WECC approved dynamic models required to represent inverter-based resources (IBRs) are shown in this
section. Examples of typical values are given for different modules for Renewable Energy Resources (RES). Table 1
shows voltage and frequency protection modules applicable to all IBRs. Table 2 illustrates the different approved
modules and their applicability.

Voltage and Frequency protection modules

Model Name for Generator Protection For All Facilities, Solar PV, Wind & Storage
Low/High Frequency Ride-Through FRQTPAT, FRQDCAT
Low/High Voltage Ride-Through VTGTPAT, VTGDCAT

Applicable WECC Approved IBR Dynamic Models

Model Name Model Name in Siemens PTI PSS®E Applicability
REGCAU1(v 33); REGCA1 (v34 & v35) All IBR
Generator/Converter All IBR, voltage source interface to grid
REGCBU1 (v34 & v35)
for numerical robustness
Type 3 and 4 WTG Solar PV DC-
REECAU1 (v33); REECA1 (v34 & v35)
coupled: BESS not charging from grid
Stand-alone BESS DC-coupled: BESS
Electrical Controls REECCU1 (v33 & v34); REEC1 (v35)
charging from grid
All IBR, enhanced modeling capability
REECDU1 (v34 & v35)
from reecau1/reeca1 & reecbau1_
REPCTAU1 & REPCAU1 (v33); REPCTA1 & For single generator control (except for
Plant Controller REPCA1 (v34 & v35) plant level PF control)
PLNTBU1 (v33, v34 & v35) For single and multiple generator control
Mechanical Models for Wind Turbines
Two-mass model of the WTDTAU1 (v33); WTDTA1 (v34 v35) Type 3 WTG Type 4 WTG if pflag = 1 in
WTG drive-train reecau1/reeca1
Aero-dynamic model for WTARAU1 (v33); WTARA1 (v34 & v35) Type 3 WTG
the type 3 WTG
Model of the pitch control WTPTAU1 (v33); WTPTA1 (v34 & v35) Type 3 WTG
system
Model of the torque WTTQAU1 (v33); WTTQA1 (v34 & v35) Type 3 WTG
control system
New refined pitch- WTGPB Type 3 WTG
controller model

The modules fall into four (4) categories:

1| Renewable Energy Generator/Converter (REGC_*) models: These modules are used to model the
electrical generator and/or power converter interface between the generation unit and the grid. There are
three (3) such modules:
a. REGCAU1 (v33)/REGCA1 (v34 & v35) – this is the original model. It is a current-source model. It is
adequate for modeling the generator dynamic behavior of the generator/converter interface. It is

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not suitable for weak-grid connection points, where the short-circuit ratio (SCR) of the point of
interconnection may be 3 or less.
b. REGCBU1 (v34 & v35) – this is a newly developed and approved voltage-source
generator/converter interface model. It is better suited to weak-grid conditions, and if
parameterized appropriately has been shown to be accurate numerically down to SCRs close to 1.
c. REGCCU1 – this is a new model yet to be fully implemented and approved by all the software
vendors. It incorporates a generic representation of the phase-locked loop (PLL) and inner-current
control loops, as well as being a voltage-source model.
Presently REGCAU1/REGCA1 and REGCBU1 are approved models and can be used for modeling the
generator/converter interface of a RES. The choice of the model should be based on whether the IBR is
connected at a weak point or strong point and the best data currently available for the plant being modeled.
The point-of-interconnection of a plant may become weak over time as additional inverter-based resources
interconnect in the vicinity of the plant. In such cases there may be a need to transition from a
REGCAU1/REGCA1 model to a REGCBU1 model.

2| Renewable Energy Electrical Controls (REEC_*) models: These modules are used to model the
electrical controls at the individual generating unit level, including individual wind turbine generators and
individual PV inverters. There are three (3) such modules:
a. REECAU1/REECA1 – this is the original model developed and can be used, if appropriately
parameterized for wind and PV generators.
b. REECCU1/REEC1 – this module was developed specifically for battery-energy storage systems
(BESS) or can also be used to model hybrid PV-BESS systems, particularly when the BESS and
PV are coupled on the dc-side of the inverter and share one common inverter.
c. REECDU1 – this is the latest electrical controls model developed which contains main new
features, such as extended voltage-dependent current limit tables. As such, when modeling new
facilities this model may offer greater flexibility and features. It can be used to model wind, PV and
BESS. All three of the above REEC_* models are approved and can be used for modeling the
electrical controls of the appropriate RES.
The REECBU1 model is no longer approved although still used in a number of ISOs/RTOs. The
REECBU1 model does not have the "VDL" logic.

The REECAU1, REECCU1 and REECDU1 models have the "VDL" V-I characteristic curve parameters that
define the momentary cessation characteristics. At VDL voltages V1 to V4 the corresponding limits for the
active and reactive current commands Ip and Iq are defined. This enables the models to reduce or
completely stop producing active and/or reactive power when low voltages are observed and then ramp
back up once voltages increase. There are other parameters in the models that can impact this behavior.
The REGCAU1 model includes an ICON for LVPL switch that enables the LVPL characteristic that can also
define reduction in active power at low voltages, however, this characteristic is a single, linear-slope while
the VDL logic is piece-wise linear.

3| Renewable Energy Plant Controller (REPC_*) models: These modules are used to model the plant level
controls that monitor the point of common coupling (PCC), or point of interconnection (POI), of a plant and
issues real and reactive power commands to all the individual generating units in the plant to control the real
and reactive power at the PCC (or POI). There are three (3) such models:

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a. REPCTAU1 & REPCAU1/REPCTA1 & REPCA1 – this is the original simple plant level controller. It
allows for volt/var control and active power control. It does not include power factor control.
b. PLNTBU1 – this is a complex-plant controller to be used primarily for hybrid-plants which include
multiple technologies, for example a combination of two different wind turbine technologies, or wind
and PV, and other combinations. It does also allow for power factor control at the PCC (POI).
c. REPC_C – this model is not yet finalized and approved. It presents significant additional features
and flexibility including, power factor control at the PCC (POI), ability to have coordinated and
automatically switched shunt devices at the PCC (POI), and extra features for active power control.
Presently REPCTAU1 & REPCAU1/REPCTA1 & REPCA1 and PLNTBU1 are approved and can be used for
modeling the appropriate plant controller.

4| Mechanical Element Models for Wind Turbine Generators: specifically for wind turbine generators
(WTGs) there are a series of mechanical side models. Presently, for type 4 WTGs the only mechanical
model used is an emulation of the drive-train dynamics. All the other models are used only for type 3 WTGs.
The models are:
a. WTDTAU1/WTDTA1 – this is a two-mass model of the WTG drive-train.
b. WTARAU1/WTARA1 – this is a very simple aero-dynamic model for the type 3 WTG.
c. WTPTAU1/WTPTA1 – this is a simple model of the pitch control system.
d. WTTQAU1/WTTQA1 – this is a simple model of the torque control system.
e. WTGP_B – this is a new refined pitch-controller model, which provides added flexibility in the limits
of the pitch controller.
WTDTAU1/WTDTA1, WTARAU1/WTARA1, WTPTAU1/WTPTA1 and WTTQAU1/WTTQA1 are all currently
approved models and should be used when modeling a type 3 WTG. When modeling a type 4 WTG, due to
the full-converter interface, for stability simulations it has been shown that none of these models are
necessary.

10.3.1 IBR data submission and typical values

The dynamic model shall be submitted in a table and a Siemens PTI PSS®E version 34 dyr format. Examples dyr
files and tables showing typical values for PV Solar, Wind, and Battery Storage modules are shown below.

10.3.1.1 PV Solar
The generator/converter REGCA1, electrical controls REECA1, and plant controls REPCA1 models with typical
values for PV Solar are shown in the following three tables.

Lvplsw - Enable (=1) or disable (=0) Low Voltage Power Logic, LVPL

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Generator/Converter Module
REGCA1 (v34 & v35) / REGCAU1 (v33)
Parameter Description Typical Values
Tg Converter time constant (s) 0.02
Rrpwr Low Voltage Power Logic (LVPL) ramp rate limit (pu/s) 10.0
Brkpt LVPL characteristic voltage 2 (pu) 0.90
Zerox LVPL characteristic voltage 1 (pu) 0.40
Lvpl1 LVPL gain (pu) 1.22
Volim Voltage limit (pu) for high voltage reactive current management 1.2
Lvpnt1 High voltage point for low voltage active current management (pu) 0.8
Lvpnt0 Low voltage point for low voltage active current management (pu) 0.4
Iolim Current limit for high voltage clamp logic (pu on mbase) -1.0 to -1.5
Tfltr Terminal voltage filter (for LVPL) time constant (s) 0.02
Khv Overvoltage compensation gain used in high voltage reactive current management 0.7
Iqrmax Maximum rate-of-change of reactive current (pu/s) 999.9
Iqrmin Minimum rate-of-change of reactive current (pu/s) -999.9
Accel High voltage reactive current management acceleration factor, p.u. 0.7

Electrical Controls Module

REECA1 (v34 & v35) / REECAU1 (v33)
Typical
Parameter Description
Values
1 if power factor control 1 or 0
PFFLAG
0 if Q control, which can be controlled by an external signal
1 if Q control 1 or 0
VFLAG
0 if voltage control
1 if voltage or Q control 1 or 0
QFLAG
0 if constant pf or Q control
1 if active current command has speed dependency 1 or 0
PFLAG
0 for no dependency
P/Q priority flag for current limit: 1 or 0
PQFLAG 0 for Q priority
1 for P priority

REECA1 (v34 & v35) /REECAU1 (v33)

Vdip Low voltage threshold to activate reactive current injection logic [0.00, 0.90]
Vup Voltage above which reactive current injection logic is activated [1.10, 1.30]
Trv Voltage filter time constant. [0.02, 0.05]
dbd1 Voltage error dead band lower threshold (≤0) [-0.10, 0.00]
dbd2 Voltage error dead band upper threshold (≥0) [0.00, 0.10]
Kqv Reactive current injection gain during over and under voltage conditions 2.0
Iqh1 Upper limit on reactive current injection Iqinj [0.00, 1.10]
Iql1 Lower limit on reactive current injection Iqinj. [-1.10, 0.00]
Vref0 User defined reference (if 0, model initializes it to initial terminal voltage) 0.0
Iqfrz Value at which Iqinj is held for Thld seconds following a voltage dip if Thld > 0

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Thld Time for which Iqinj is held at Iqfrz after voltage dip returns to zero 0.0
Thld2 Time of holding the active current command after voltage dip returns to 0, sec. 0.0
Tp Filter time constant for electrical power. [0.02, 0.05]
Qmax Maximum limit for reactive power regulator when vflag = 1, p.u. [0.00, 0.43]
Qmin Minimum reactive power when vflag = 1, p.u. [-0.43, 0.00]
VMAX Maximum limit for voltage control (pu) [1.05, 1.15]
VMIN Minimum limit for voltage control (pu) [0.85, 0.95]
Kqp Local Q regulator proportional gain, p.u.
Kqi Local Q regulator integral gain, p.u.
Kvp Local voltage regulator proportional gain, p.u
Kvi Local voltage regulator integral gain, p.u
Vbias Inner-loop voltage control reference, p.u., user-defined bias (normally 0) 0.0
Tiq Reactive current regulator lag time constant, sec. Time constant on delay s4 [0.02, 0.05]
dPmax Active power up-ramp limit, p.u./sec 999.00
dPmin Active power down-ramp limit, p.u./sec -999.00
PMAX Maximum active power, p.u 1.00
PMIN Minimum active power, p.u 0.00
Imax Maximum limit on total converter current, Maximum apparent current, p.u. [1.00, 1.70]
Tpord Power filter time constant; Inverter power order lag time constant (s) [0.02, 0.05]
Vq1 Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) -1
Iq1 Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 1
Vq2 (Vq2>Vq1), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 2
Iq2 (Iq2>Iq1), Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 1
Vq3 (Vq3>Vq2), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0
Iq3 (Iq3>Iq2), Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0
Vq4 (Vq4>Vq3), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0
Iq4 (Iq4>Iq3), Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0
Vp1 Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.5
Ip1 Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0
Vp2 (Vp2>Vp1), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.7
Ip2 (Ip2>Ip1), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.8
Vp3 (Vp3>Vp2), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.9
Ip3 (Ip3>Ip2), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.98
Vp4 (Vp4>Vp3), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 1
Ip4 (Ip4>Ip3), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 1

Voltage-dependent active currents Ip1 to Ip4 and voltage-dependent reactive currents Iq1 to Iq4 are from the voltage-
dependent current limits (VDL) tables (VDL1 and VDL2) and are used to model cessation of both active and reactive
current respectively. The parameter Vdip in REECA1 must be equal or higher than the low voltage momentary
cessation threshold vblkl and Vup must be equal or lower than the high voltage threshold vblkh to ensure inverter
controls are frozen during the cessation period.

Low Voltage Power Logic Switch: It is best to set lvplsw in REGCA1 to 0 to prevent the generator/converter model
from contradicting the VDL1 and VDL2 settings in the REECA1 model.

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Plant Controls Module

REPCA1 & REPCTA1 (v34 & v35)
Parameter Description Typical Value
Droop flag: 1 or 0
VCFlag 0 – with droop if power factor control
1 – with line drop compensation
Flag for V or Q control 1 or 0
RefFlag 0 – Q control
1 – V control
Flag to disable frequency control 1 or 0
Fflag 1 – enable control
0 – disable control

REPCA1 & REPCTA1 (v34 & v35) /REPCAU1 & REPCTAU1 (v33)
Tfltr Voltage and reactive power filter time constant, sec. [0.02, 0.05]
Kp Volt/VAr /Reactive power PI control proportional gain (pu) -
Ki Volt/VAr /Reactive power PI control integral gain (pu) -
Tft Plant controller Q output lead time constant, sec 0.00
Tfv Plant controller Q output lag time constant, sec. [0.02, 0.15]
Vfrz Voltage for freezing Volt/VAr regulator integrator, p.u [0.00, 0.90]
Rc Line drop compensation resistance, p.u. ≥ 0.0
Xc Line drop compensation reactance, p.u ≥ 0.0
Kc Reactive droop gain, p.u
emax Maximum Volt/VAr error, p.u; upper limit on deadband output (pu) 999.00
emin Minimum Volt/VAr error, p.u.; lower limit on deadband output (pu) -999.00
dbd1 Lower threshold for reactive power control deadband (<=0)
dbd2 Upper threshold for reactive power control deadband (>=0)
Qmax Max plant reactive power command/Upper limit on output of V/Q control (pu) [0.00, 0.43]
Qmin Min plant reactive power command/Lower limit on output of V/Q control (pu) [-0.43, 0.00]
Kpg Real power control proportional gain, p.u -
Kig Real power control integral gain, p.u. -
Tp Real power measurement filter time constant (s) [0.02, 0.05]
fdbd1 Frequency deadband downside, p.u. -0.0006
fdbd2 Frequency deadband upside, p.u 0.0006
femax Maximum power error in droop regulator/frequency error lower limit (pu) 999.00
femin Minimum power error in droop regulator/frequency error lower limit (pu) -999.00
Pmax Upper limit on power reference/Maximum plant active power command, p.u. 1.00
Pmin Lower limit on power reference/Minimum plant active power command, p.u 0.00
Tg Plant controller P output lag time constant, sec. [0.02, 0.15]
Ddn Reciprocal of droop for over-frequency conditions (p.u.) 20
Dup Reciprocal of droop for under-frequency conditions (pu) [0. 20]

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For PV Solar, an example of a function call in the .dyr file is shown below.

4444, 'USRMDL', 1, 'REGCAU1', 101, 1, 1, 14, 3, 4

/ Lvplsw
0
/ Tg Rrpwr Brkpt Zerox Lvpl1
0.020 10.0 0.90 0.50 1.10
/ Volim Lvpnt1 Lvpnt0 Iolim Tfltr
1.10 0.9 0 -1.0 0.01
/ Khv Iqrmax Iqrmin Accel
0.0 99.0 -99.0 1.00

4444, 'USRMDL', 1, 'REECAU1', 102, 0, 6, 45, 6, 9

/ Bus# PFflag Vflag Qflag Pflag PQflag
0 0 1 1 0 1
/ Vdip Vup Trv dbd1 dbd2
0.90 1.10 0.01 -0.10 0.10
/ Kqv Iqh1 Iql1 Vref0 Iqfrz
2.0 1.0 -1.0 1.00 0.0
/ Thld Thld2 Tp QMax QMin
0.0 0.0 0.01 0.60 -0.60
/ Vmax Vmin Kqp Kqi Kvp
1.10 0.9 1 5 1
/ Kvi Vbias Tiq dPmax dPmin
3.0 0.0 0.016668 999 -999
/ Pmax Pmin Imax Tpord Vq1
1 0 1.0 0.10 0.0
/ Iq1 Vq2 Iq2 Vq3 Iq3
1.0 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.0
/ Vq4 Iq4 Vp1 Ip1 Vp2
0.8 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.4
/ Ip2 Vp3 Ip3 Vp4 Ip4
2.0 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.0

4444, 'USRMDL', 1, 'REPCAU1', 107, 0, 7, 27, 7, 9

/ Bus# LDC_FromBus LDC_ToBus LDC_ID VCFlag Refflag Fflag
4444 4445 4446 '1' 0 1 1
/ Tfltr Kp Ki Tft Tfv
0.05 0.5 3 0 0.05
/ Vfrz Rc Xc Kc emax
0.9 0 0 0.1 0.05
/ emin dbd1 dbd2 QMax QMin
-0.05 0 0 0.3669 -0.3669
/ Kpg Kig Tp fdbd1 fdbd2
0.5 0.25 0.25 -0.0006 0.0006
/ femax femin Pmax Pmin Tg
999 -999 0.9304 0 0.7
/ Ddn Dup
20.000 20.000

/ LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION example

1 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.90 10.00 120.00 0.00
2 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.80 10.00 60.000 0.00
3 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm

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0.70 10.00 21.000 0.00

4 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.50 10.00 10.000 0.00

/ HIGH VOLTAGE PROTECTION example

5 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.00 1.10 120.00 0.00
6 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.00 1.15 60.000 0.00
7 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.00 1.20 2.000 0.00
8 'VTGDCAT' 4444 4444 '1 '
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.00 1.25 0.200 0.00

/ LOW FREQUENCY PROTECTION example

9 'FRQDCAT' 4460 4444 '1 '
/ Flow Fup RlTm BrTm
56.5 100.0 6.000 0.00

/ HIGH FREQUENCY PROTECTION example

10 'FRQDCAT' 4460 4444 '1 '
/ Flow Fup RlTm BrTm
00.0 63.5 6.000 0.00

10.3.1.2 Wind Power Plants

For wind power plants based on Type 3 and 4 WTGs, the required modules are listed below. The second-generation
models for PSSE v34 in table 3 have significantly improved with respect to the previous WECC generic model, in
terms of structure and functionality.

• REGCAU1 (v33) module, used to represent the generator/converter processes the real and reactive current
commands, and outputs real and reactive current injection into the grid model.
• REECAU1 (v33) module, used to represent the WTG electrical controls acts on the active and reactive
power reference from the REPCAU1 module, with feedback of terminal voltage and generator power output,
and provides real and reactive current commands to the REGCAU1 module.
• REPCAU1 (v33) modules, used to represent the plant controller processes voltage and reactive power
output to emulate volt/var control at the plant level. It also processes frequency and active power output to
emulate active power control. This module provides active reactive power command to the REECAU1
module.
• WTDTAU1 (v33) module, used to represent the turbine.
• WTARAU1 (v33) module, used to represent the aerodynamic conversion (Type 3 only).
• WTPTAU1 module, used to represent the pitch controller (Type 3 only).
• WTTQAU1 module, used to represent the torque controller (Type 3 only).

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2nd Generation WECC Models in PSS/E v34 Format

Model Name Wind Type 3 Wind Type 4 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Storage
Generator/Converter REGCA1 REGCA1 REGCA1 REGCA1
Electrical Controller REECA1 REECA1 REECDU1 REECCU1
Plant Controller REPCTA1 REPCA1 REPCA1 REPCA1
Drive-Train WTDTA1 WTDTA1 (optional)
Pitch Control WTPTA1
Aerodynamic WTARA1
Torque Control WTTQA1

Lvplsw - Enable (1) or disable (0) low voltage power logic

REGCAU1 (v33) /REGCA1 (v34 & v35) Input Parameters

Name Description Typical Values
Tg Converter time constant (s) 0.02
Rrpwr Active current up-ramp rate limit on voltage recovery (pu/s) (LVPL) 10.00
Brkpt LVPL breakpoint (pu voltage) 0.9
Zerox LVPL zero crossing (pu voltage) 0.4
Lvpl1 LVPL gain breakpoint (pu current on mbase / pu voltage)
Volim Voltage limit for high voltage clamp logic (pu) 1.2
lvpnt1 High voltage point for low voltage active current management (pu) 0.8
lvpnt0 Low voltage point for low voltage active current management (pu) 0.4
lolim Current limit (pu) for high voltage reactive current management -1.0 to -1.5
Tfltr Terminal voltage filter (for LVPL) time constant (s) 0.01 to 0.02
Khv High voltage clamp logic acceleration factor 0.7
Iqrmax Maximum rate-of-change of reactive current (pu/s) 999.9
Iqrmin Minimum rate-of-change of reactive current (pu/s) -999.9
Accel acceleration factor (0 < Accel < 1) 0.4

REECAU1 (v33) /REECA1 (v34 & v35) Input Parameters

Name Description Typical Values
PFflag Constant Q (0) or PF (1) local control 1 or 0
Vflag Voltage control (0) or Q control (1) 1 or 0
Qflag Bypass (0) or engage (1) inner voltage regulator loop 1 or 0
Pqflag Priority to reactive current (0) or active current (1) 1 or 0
Vdip Low voltage condition trigger voltage (pu) 0.0 to 0.9
Vup High voltage condition trigger voltage (pu) 1.1 to 1.3
Trv Terminal bus voltage filter time constant (s) 0.01 to 0.02
dbd1 Overvoltage deadband for reactive current injection (pu) -0.1 to 0.0
dbd2 Undervoltage deadband for reactive current injection (pu) 0.0 to 0.1
Kqv Reactive current injection gain (pu/pu) 0.0 to 10.0

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Iqhl Maximum reactive current injection (pu on mbase) 1.0 to 1.1

Iqll Minimum reactive current injection (pu on mbase) -1.1 to -1.0
Vref0 Reference voltage for reactive current injection (pu) 0.95 to 1.05
lqfrz Value at which Iqinj is held for Thld seconds following a voltage dip if Thld > 0 (pu)
Thld Time for which Iqinj is held at Iqfrz after voltage dip returns to zero (sec)
Thld2 (>=0), Time for which the active current limit (IPMAX) is held at the faulted value
after voltage dip returns to zero (sec)
Tp Active power filter time constant (s) 0.01 to 0.02
Qmax Maximum reactive power when Vflag = 1 (pu on mbase) -
Qmin Minimum reactive power when Vflag = 1 (pu on mbase) -
Vmax Maximum voltage at inverter terminal bus (pu) 1.05 to 1.15
Vmin Minimum voltage at inverter terminal bus (pu) 0.85 to 0.95
Kqp Local Q regulator proportional gain (pu/pu) -
Kqi Local Q regulator integral gain (pu/pu-s) -
Kvp Local voltage regulator proportional gain (pu/pu) -
Kvi Local voltage regulator integral gain (pu/pu-s) -
Vbias User-defined bias (normally 0) 0.00
Tiq Reactive current regulator lag time constant (s) 0.01 to 0.02
dPmax Power reference max. ramp rate (pu/s) >0
dPmin Power reference min. ramp rate (pu/s) <0
Pmax Maximum active power (pu on mbase) 1.0
Pmin Minimum active power (pu on mbase) 0.0
Imax Maximum apparent current (pu on mbase) 1.0 to 1.3
Tpord Inverter power order lag time constant (s) -
Vq1 Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage -1
Iq1 Reactive Power V-I pair, current 1
Vq2 (Vq2>Vq1), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage 2
Iq2 (Iq2>Iq1), Reactive Power V-I pair, current 1
Vq3 (Vq3>Vq2), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage 0
Iq3 (Iq3>Iq2), Reactive Power V-I pair, current 0
Vq4 (Vq4>Vq3), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage 0
Iq4 (Iq4>Iq3), Reactive Power V-I pair, current 0
Vp1 Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.5
Ip1 Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0
Vp2 (Vp2>Vp1), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.7
Ip2 (Ip2>Ip1), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.8
Vp3 (Vp3>Vp2), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.9
Ip3 (Ip3>Ip2), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.98
Vp4 (Vp4>Vp3), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 1
Ip4 (Ip4>Ip3), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 1

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WTARAU1 (v33) /WTARA1 (v34 & v35) Input Parameters

Name Description Typical Values
Ka Aero-dynamic gain factor (pu/deg) 0.007
θ0 Initial pitch angle (deg) 0.0

WTPTAU1 (v33) /(WTPTA1 v34 & v35) Input Parameters

Name Description Typical Values
Kiw Pitch control integral gain 25.0
Kpw Pitch control proportional gain 150.0
Kic Pitch compensation integral gain 30.0
Kpc Pitch compensation proportional gain 3.0
Kcc Proportional gain 0.0
Tpi Pitch time constant (sec) 0.30
TetaMax Maximum pitch angle (deg) 27.0 – 30.0
TetaMin Minimum pitch angle (deg) 0.0
RTetaMax Maximum pitch rate (deg/sec) 5.0 – 10.0
RTetaMin Minimum pitch rate (deg/sec) -10.0 – -5.0

WTTQAU1(v33) /WTTQA1 (v34 & v35) Input Parameters

Name Description Typical Values
Kpp Proportional gain 3,00
Kip Integral gain 0.60
Tp Power measurement lag time constant (sec) 0.05 to 0.1
Tωref Speed reference time constant (sec) 30.0 to 60.0
Temax Maximum torque (pu) 1.1 to 1.2
Temin Minimum torque (pu) 0.00
p1 0.15
spd1 0.85
p2 0.23
spd2 0.95
User-defined pair of points, function f(Pe)
p3 0.35
spd3 1.10
p4 0.46
spd4 1.20
TRATE Total turbine rating (MW) *
* TRATE (CON J+14) needs to be set to limit modeled in the power flow case or set to 0 to use the Mbase.

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REPCAU1 & REPCTAU1 (v33) / REPCA1 & REPCTA1 (v34 & v35) Input Parameters
Name Description Typical Values
RefFlag Plant level reactive power (0) or voltage control (1) 1 or 0
Droop flag
VCFlag 0: with droop if power factor control 1 or 0
1: with line drop compensation
Flag to disable frequency control
Fflag 1: Enable control 1 or 0
0: disable
Tfltr Voltage and reactive power filter time constant (s) 0.01 to 0.02
Kp Volt/VAR regulator proportional gain (pu/pu)m
Ki Volt/VAR regulator integral gain (pu/pu-s)
Tft Plant controller Q output lead time constant (s)
Tfv Plant controller Q output lag time constant (s) 0.15 to 5.0
Vfrz Voltage for freezing Volt/VAR regulator integrator (pu) 0.0 to 0.9
Rc Line drop compensation resistance (pu on mbase) -
Xc Line drop compensation reactance (pu on mbase) when VcompFlag = 1 -
Kc Reactive droop (pu on mbase) when VcompFlag = 0 -
emax Maximum Volt/VAR error (pu) -
emin Minimum Volt/VAR error (pu) -
dbd1 lower threshold for reactive power control deadband <=0
dbd2 upper threshold for reactive power control deadband >=0
Qmax Maximum plant reactive power command (pu on mbase) -
Qmin Minimum plant reactive power command (pu on mbase) -
Kpg Droop regulator proportional gain (pu/pu) -
Kig Droop regulator integral gain (pu/pu-s) -
Tp Active power filter time constant (s) 0.01 to 0.02
fdbd1 Deadband for frequency control, lower threshold (<=0) -0.0006
fdbd2 Deadband for frequency control, upper threshold (>=0) 0.0006
femax Maximum power error in droop regulator (pu on mbase) -
femin Minimum power error in droop regulator (pu on mbase) -
Pmax Maximum plant active power command (pu on mbase) 1.0
Pmin Minimum plant active power command (pu on mbase) 0.0
Tg Plant controller P output lag time constant (s) 0.15 to 5.0
Ddn Reciprocal of droop for over-frequency conditions (pu) 20.0
Dup Reciprocal droop for under-frequency conditions (pu) 0.0

For a wind power plant with Type 3 WTGs, the function call in the .dyr file would be as shown in the example below.

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'REGCAU1', 101, 1, 1, 14, 3, 4

/ Lvplsw
1
/ Tg Rrpwr Brkpt Zerox Lvpl1
0.02 3.0 0.9 0.5 1.23
/ Volim Lvpnt1 Lvpnt0 Iolim Tfltr

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1.2 0.1 0.01 -1.3 0.02

/ Khv Iqrmax Iqrmin Accel
0.2 999.0 -999.0 0.7

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'REECAU1', 102, 0, 6, 45, 6, 9

/ Bus# PFflag Vflag Qflag Pflag PQflag
0 0 1 1 0 0
/ Vdip Vup Trv dbd1 dbd2
0.9 1.1 0.02 -0.05 0.05
/ Kqv Iqh1 Iql1 Vref0 Iqfrz
0.0 1.0025 -1.0025 1.05 0.10
/ Thld Thld2 Tp QMax QMin
0.0 0.0 0.05 0.4421 -0.4421
/ Vmax Vmin Kqp Kqi Kvp
1.1 0.9 0.0 0.41 1.0
/ Kvi Vbias Tiq dPmax dPmin
60.0 0.0 0.02 99.0 -99.0
/ Pmax Pmin Imax Tpord Vq1
0.8998 0 1.0025 0.02 0.5
/ Iq1 Vq2 Iq2 Vq3 Iq3
0.99 0.9 0.54 1.1 0.54
/ Vq4 Iq4 Vp1 Ip1 Vp2
1.25 1.26 0.0 0.0 0.5
/ Ip2 Vp3 Ip3 Vp4 Ip4
0.0 0.9 1.23 1.0 1.107

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'WTDTAU1', 103, 0, 0, 5, 4, 3,

/H DAMP Htfrac Freq1 Dshaft
3.22 0.0 0.01 1.88 1.5

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'WTPTAU1', 104, 0, 0, 10, 3, 1,

/ Kiw Kpw Kic Kpc Kcc
50.0 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
/ Tp TetaMax TetaMin RTetaMax RTetaMin
0.3 27.0 0.0 10.0 -10.0

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'WTARAU1', 105, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1,

/ Ka Theta
0.007 0.0

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'REPCTAU1', 107, 0, 7, 27, 7, 9,

/ Bus# LDC_FromBus LDC_ToBus LDC_ID VCFlag Refflag Fflag
2223 2224 2225 '1' 0 1 1
/ Tfltr Kp Ki Tft Tfv
0.5 2.0 1.0 0.02 0.25
/ Vfrz Rc Xc Kc emax
0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
/ emin dbd1 dbd2 QMax QMin
-0.1 0 0 0.4421 -0.4421
/ Kpg Kig Tp fdbd1 fdbd2
1.2 0.14 0.1 -0.0006 0.0006
/ femax femin Pmax Pmin Tg
999.0 -999.0 0.8211 0 0.25
/ Ddn Dup
20.0 0.0

2222, 'USRMDL', 1, 'WTTQAU1', 505, 0, 1, 15, 3, 3,

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/ Tflag
1
/ Kpp KIP Tp Twref Temax
0.01 0.1 0.1 60.0 1.2
/ Temin p1 spd1 p2 spd2
0.04 0.2 0.69 0.4 0.78
/ p3 spd3 p4 spd4 TRATE
0.6 0.98 0.74 1.2 0.0

/ OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION example

222201 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'

/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
-1.0000 1.2000 1.00 0.0000
222202 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
-1.0000 1.175000 2.00 0.0000
222203 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
-1.0000 1.1500 3.0000 0.0000
222204 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
-1.0000 1.100 5.0000 0.0000

/ UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION example

222205 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'

/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.45000 5.0000 1.0000 0.0000
222206 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.650000 5.0000 5.0000 0.0000
222207 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.75000 5.0000 10.000 0.0000
222208 'VTGTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Vlow Vup RlTm BrTm
0.9000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000

/ OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION example

222209 'FRQTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'

/ Flow Fup RlTm BrTm
-100.00 61.800 10.000 0.0000
222210 'FRQTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Flow Fup RlTm BrTm
-100.00 60.500 650.00 0.0000

/ UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION example

222212 'FRQTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'

/ Flow Fup RlTm BrTm
57.800 100.00 10.000 0.0000
222213 'FRQTPAT' 2224 2234 '1'
/ Flow Fup RlTm BrTm
59.500 100.00 1800.00 0.0000

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10.3.1.3 Battery energy storage systems

Typical values for Battery Storage modules are shown below.

Generator/Converter Module
REGCA1 (v34 & v35) / REGCAU1 (v33)
Parameter Description Typical Values
Tg Converter time constant (s) 0.02
Rrpwr Low Voltage Power Logic (LVPL) ramp rate limit (pu/s) 1.00
Brkpt LVPL characteristic voltage 2 (pu) 0.75
Zerox LVPL characteristic voltage 1 (pu) 0.00
Lvpl1 LVPL gain breakpoint (pu current on mbase / pu voltage) 0.23
Volim Voltage limit (pu) for high voltage reactive current management 2.00
Lvpnt1 Low voltage active current management breakpoint (pu) 0.10
Lvpnt0 Low voltage active current management breakpoint (pu) 0.00
Iolim Current limit for high voltage clamp logic (pu on mbase) -0.42486
Tfltr Terminal voltage filter (for LVPL) time constant (s) 0.02
Khv Overvoltage compensation gain used in high voltage reactive current management 0.00
Iqrmax Maximum rate-of-change of reactive current (pu/s) 10.00
Iqrmin Minimum rate-of-change of reactive current (pu/s) -10.00
Accel High voltage reactive current management acceleration factor, p.u. 1.00

Electrical Controls Module

REECCU1 (v33 &v34) /REEC1 (v35)
Vdip Low voltage condition trigger voltage, p.u. 0.90
Vup High voltage condition trigger voltage, p.u. 1.10
Trv Terminal bus voltage filter time constant, sec. 0.02
dbd1 Overvoltage deadband for reactive current injection, p.u. -0.10
dbd2 Undervoltage deadband for reactive current injection, p.u 0.10
Kqv Reactive current injection gain, p.u 0.00
Iqh1 Maximum reactive current injection, p.u. 0.42486
Iql1 Minimum reactive current injection, p.u. -0.42486
Vref0 Reference voltage for reactive current injection, p.u 1.00
Tp Active power filter time constant, sec. 0.05
Qmax Maximum reactive power when vflag = 1, p.u 0.42486
Qmin Minimum reactive power when vflag = 1, p.u. -0.42486
VMAX Maximum voltage at inverter terminal bus, p.u 1.50
VMIN Minimum voltage at inverter terminal bus, p.u 0.80
Kqp Local Q regulator proportional gain, p.u. 0.5
Kqi Local Q regulator integral gain, p.u. 5.0
Kvp Local voltage regulator proportional gain, p.u 0.5
Kvi Local voltage regulator integral gain, p.u 5.0
Tiq Reactive current regulator lag time constant, sec. 0.02
dPmax Active power up-ramp limit, p.u./sec 10.00

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dPmin Active power down-ramp limit, p.u./sec -10.00

PMAX Maximum active power, p.u 1.00
PMIN Minimum active power, p.u -1.00
Imax Maximum apparent current, p.u. 1.00
Tpord Inverter power order lag time constant (s) 0.02
Vq1 Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 2.00
Iq1 Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 1.00
Vq2 (Vq2>Vq1), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.00
Iq2 (Iq2>Iq1), Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.00
Vq3 (Vq3>Vq2), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.00
Iq3 (Iq3>Iq2), Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.00
Vq4 (Vq4>Vq3), Reactive Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.00
Iq4 Reactive Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.00
Vp1 Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.20
Ip1 Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.00
Vp2 (Vp2>Vp1), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.75
Ip2 (Ip2>Ip1), Real Power V-I pair, current (pu) 0.23
Vp3 (Vp3>Vp2), Real Power V-I pair, voltage (pu) 0.85
Ip3 (Ip3>Ip2), Real Power V-I pair, current 0.85
Vp4 (Vp4>Vp3), Real Power V-I pair, voltage 1.00
Ip4 (Ip4>Ip3), Real Power V-I pair, current 1.00
T Battery discharge time (sec) 3600
SOCini Initial state of charge (pu) 0.50
SOCmax Maximum allowable state of charge (pu) 1.00
SOCmin Minimum allowable state of charge (pu) 0.00

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Plant Controls Module

REPCA1 & REPCTA1 (v34 & v35) /REPCAU1 & REPCTAU1 (v33)
Tfltr Voltage and reactive power filter time constant, sec. 0.02
Kp Volt/VAr regulator proportional gain, p.u. 5.0
Ki Volt/VAr regulator integral gain, p.u. 50.00
Tft Plant controller Q output lead time constant, sec 0.00
Tfv Plant controller Q output lag time constant, sec. 0.10
Vfrz Voltage for freezing Volt/VAr regulator integrator, p.u 0.80
Rc Line drop compensation resistance, p.u. 0.00
Xc Line drop compensation reactance, p.u 0.00
Kc Reactive droop gain, p.u 0.1314
emax Maximum Volt/VAr error, p.u 1.00
emin Minimum Volt/VAr error, p.u. -1.00
dbd1 Lower threshold for reactive power control deadband (<=0) -0.001
dbd2 Upper threshold for reactive power control deadband (>=0) 0.001
Qmax Maximum plant reactive power command, p.u 0.42486
Qmin Minimum plant reactive power command, p.u. -0.42486
Kpg Real power control proportional gain, p.u 0.50
Kig Real power control integral gain, p.u. 11.00
Tp Active power filter time constant, sec. 0.02
fdbd1 Frequency deadband downside, p.u. -0.0006
fdbd2 Frequency deadband upside, p.u 0.0006
femax Maximum power error in droop regulator, p.u 999.00
femin Minimum power error in droop regulator, p.u. -999.00
Pmax Maximum plant active power command, p.u. 1.00
Pmin Minimum plant active power command, p.u -1.00
Tg Plant controller P output lag time constant, sec. 0.02
Ddn Reciprocal of down regulation droop, p.u. 20.00
Dup Reciprocal of up regulation droop, p.u 20.00

For a Battery Energy Storage System, the function call in the .dyr file would be as shown in the example below. This
.dyr file example correlates with the examples of the Converter, Electrical Controls and Plant Controller modules
above.

3333 'USRMDL' 1 'REGCAU1' 101 1 1 14 3 4 1

0.0200 1.0000 0.75000 0.00000 0.23000
2.0000 0.1000 0.00000 -0.42486 0.02000
0.0000 10.000 -10.0000 1.0000
3333 'USRMDL' 1 'REECCU1' 102 0 5 45 7 6
00110
0.9 1.1 0.02 -0.1 0.1
0 0.42486 -0.42486 1 0.05
0.42486 -0.42486 1.5 0.8 0.5
5.0 0.5 5.0 0.02 10
-10 1 -1 1 0.02
2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0 0.75

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0.23 0.85 0.85 1 1

3600 0.5 1.0 0.0

3333 'USRMDL' 1 'REPCAU1' 107 0 7 27 7 9

3334 3335 3336 '1' 1 0 1
0.02 5.0 50.00 0.0 0.1
0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1314 1.0
-1.0 -0.001 0.001 0.42486 -0.42486
0.5 11.0 0.02 -0.0006 0.0006
999 -999 1.0 -1.0 0.02
20 20

333801 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -1.0000 1.4000 0.1600 0.0000

333802 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -1.0000 1.2000 1.0000 0.0000
333803 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -1.0000 1.1800 2.0000 0.0000
333804 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -1.0000 1.1600 3.0000 0.0000
333805 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -1.0000 1.1200 5.0000 0.0000
333806 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' 0.45000 5.0000 0.5000 0.0000
333807 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' 0.60000 5.0000 5.0000 0.0000
333808 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' 0.70000 5.0000 10.000 0.0000
333809 'VTGTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' 0.88000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000
333810 'FRQTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -100.00 63.250 2.0000 0.0000
333811 'FRQTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -100.00 61.800 10.000 0.0000
333812 'FRQTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' -100.00 60.600 650.00 0.0000
333813 'FRQTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' 57.00 100.00 10.000 0.0000
333814 'FRQTPAT' 938713 938714 '1' 59.000 100.00 600.00 0.0000

10.3.2 Automatic Voltage Regulation Requirement

IBRs that are subject to FERC Order 827 are required to operate in automatic voltage control mode to support
voltage regulation and voltage stability. There are several valid control modes available to control voltage, using
different combinations of pfflag, vflag and qflag in the REEC_* models and refflag in the REPC_* models. Table 4
lists all the compliant plant-level voltage control mode combinations.

Dynamic model parameter descriptions are as follows:

• Pfflag: Local power factor flag; voltage or reactive power control (0); power factor control (1)
• Vflag: Local voltage control flag; voltage control (0); reactive power control (1)
• Qflag: Local reactive power control flag; constant power factor or reactive power control (0); voltage control
(1)
• Refflag: Plant-level reactive power control (0); plant-level voltage control (1); plant-level power factor control
(2)

Plant-level Voltage Control Mode Combinations

REEC_* REPC_* FERC Order 827 compliance
pfflag vflag qflag refflag Mode Compliant
0 N/A 0 0 Plant Q No
0 1 1 0 Plant Q and Local Q/V Yes
0 N/A 0 1 Plant V Yes
0 0 1 1 Plant V and Local V Yes
0 1 1 1 Plant V and Local Q/V Yes
0 N/A 0 2 Plant PF No
0 1 1 2 Plant PF and Local Q/V Yes

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Plant level volt/var control could be set to voltage control, reactive power control or power factor control. Automatic
voltage regulation can be implemented directly at the plant level (Plant V control), or at the inverter level (Plant Q or
PF and Local Q/V), or both (Plant V and Local Q/V). Some key parameters to coordinate plant level control with
inverter control and provide automatic voltage regulation include [repc_*].vfrz, [reec_*].vdip, [reec_*].vdup,
[reec_*].kqv, [reec_*].kvp, [reec_*].kvi.

Existing IBRs not subject to FERC Order 827 shall have the model reflect the field settings and the IBR operation.

10.3.3 Ride-Through Requirement

Momentary cessation (namely, ceasing to inject current during a fault without mechanical isolation) is prohibited
unless transient high voltage conditions rise to 1.20 per unit or more. For transient low voltage conditions, the
Asynchronous Generating Facility’s units are required to inject reactive current. The level of this reactive current
injection shall be directly proportional to the decrease in per unit voltage at the inverter AC terminals. The inverter
shall produce full rating reactive current when the AC voltage at the inverter terminals drops to a level of 0.50 per
unit. The Asynchronous Generating Facility must continue to operate and absorb reactive current for transient
voltage conditions between 1.10 and 1.20 per unit. Upon the cessation of transient voltage conditions and the return
of the grid to normal operating voltage (0.90 < V < 1.10 per unit), the Asynchronous Generating Facility’s inverters
automatically must transition to normal active (real power) current injection. The Asynchronous Generating Facility’s
inverters must ramp up to inject active (real power) current with a minimum ramping rate of at least 100% per second
(from no output to full available output). The total time to complete the transition from reactive current injection or
absorption to normal active (real power) current injection must be one second or less. The total time to return from
momentary cessation, if used, during transient high voltage conditions over 1.20 per unit or more must be one
second or less.

Momentary cessation, if used by the facility, should be modeled correctly in the reec_d model.

Transient Low Voltage

To meet the reactive injection requirement, the reactive current limit shall be non-zero under transient low voltage
and at least 1.0 p.u. if the voltage is below 0.5. The effective reactive current limit is determined from the PQ priority
(pqflag) and VDL1 and VDL2 parameters.

There are other ways to meet the requirement on the amount of reactive current injection. It depends on the setup of
voltage dip logic and the control mode. Below are a couple of examples:

• Using voltage dip logic: vdip between 0 and 1.0 (typically 0.9) and kqv ≥ 2; or
• If voltage dip logic is disabled, the set qflag=1 and kvp ≥ 2
High Transient Voltage

The reactive current limit for voltage between 1.1 and 1.2 shall be non-zero and the control shall be in the right
direction to lower voltage. A typical setup to meet the high transient voltage requirement is:

using voltage dip logic: vup at least 1.1 and non-zero kqv.

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Return into Normal Operation

The inverters should return to normal active MW injection within 1 second once the voltage is normal. Therefore,
[regc_*].rrpwr shall be no less than 1.0 p.u./sec. Active power reaching 95% of the pre-fault level is considered
returning to normal.

10.3.4 Primary Frequency Response Requirement

IBRs are required to provide active power primary frequency response capability with a 5% droop for both under and
over-frequency conditions, and a maximum deadband of ±36 mHz. The required control options to simulate the
primary frequency response in dynamic simulations are shown below.

Active power primary frequency response is controlled by the plant-level controller (REPC_*) model. Dynamic model
parameter descriptions are as follows:

• Frqflag: Governor response; disable (0) or enable (1)

• Ddn: Down regulation droop response to over-frequency condition (20 on the generator nameplate capacity
base for 5% droop)
• Dup: Up regulation droop response to under-frequency condition (20 on the generator nameplate capacity
base for 5% droop)
• Fdbd1: Over-frequency deadband for governor response (-0.0006 p.u./36mHz)
• Fdbd2: Under-frequency deadband for governor response (0.0006 p.u./36mHz)

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10.4 Dynamic Model checklist

This checklist below must be completed by the Project Developer and included with the project submission in Queue
Point along with the Deliverables in Section 8 above.

Item Description Comment Check

1 Completed Queue Point Data Application form along with all
requested files are submitted via Queue Point portal
2 If a PSSE library model is submitted (preferred), .idv and .dyr
files developed using the guidelines in this document are
included
3 If a UDM is submitted, a properly compiled PSSE version .sav
case along with .idv, .dyr, and .dll files appropriately
parameterized for the project using the guidelines in this
document in included
3a A report on how the settings of the model were parameterized
along with the manufacturer’s documentation, including a user
guide of the UDM
3b Block diagram for the model and sub modules, along with
values, names and detailed explanation of all model
parameters
4 .raw, .sav case, .cnv, .snp, and .sld file for the project (case
setup folder/files) are submitted
5 Verify all testing requirements are met:
5a MFO assessment table is included in the Dynamic Model report
5b Power Factor Assessment table along with PQ curve used and
case setup for power factor assessment (lagging and leading
scenarios) is included in the Dynamic Model report
5c Confirm that the unit meets FERC Order No. 827 with regards
to automatic voltage regulation, with appropriate model settings
included in the Dynamic Model report
5d Results for the flatstart test including log, out and test plots
showing Power, VARs, Eterm, Freq and Volt for each
inverter/generator is included
5e Results for the VRT test including log, out and test plots
showing Power, VARs, Eterm, Freq and Volt for each inverter.
Provide confirmation that Momentary Cessation is eliminated (if
not, provide reason)
5f Confirm Primary Frequency Response is enabled

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