2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

MODEL IN MATLAB/ SIMULINK
Mish-al T P Getzial Anbu Mani P Dr. A. K Parvathy
Department of Electrical and Assistant Professor Head of Department
Electrics Engineering, Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Electrics Engineering, Electrics Engineering,
Science Chennai, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Hindustan Institute of Technology and
Tamil Nādu, India Science Chennai, Science Chennai,
[email protected] Tamil Nādu, India Tamil Nādu, India
[email protected] [email protected]
2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS) | 978-1-6654-9761-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICSSS54381.2022.9782171

Abstract- Many experts are looking for alternative energy Vehicles powered by fuel oil are on the rise, thanks to
sources to power cars due to the depletion of oil reserves low world oil prices and an excess of fuel oil supplies.
in the world and the problem of air pollution caused by Fuel consumption for vehicles is on the rise.
motor vehicles. An electric car, which replaces a Transportation accounts for more than half of global
combustion engine with an electric motor, is one promising
energy usage. Energy conservation is one of the most
option. In this project, I choose to use MATLAB Simulink
to create a comprehensive electric vehicle model. And pressing issues confronting the world's ecology. Our
determining which crucial aspects have the most impact global energy environment, too, faces numerous
on the vehicle's energy use and devising a remedy. In challenges. While no one can predict the future of
addition, all simulation findings were taken into account. energy, we believe that transportation will play an
This study lays the groundwork for future investigation. important role in reducing future energy consumption.
Internal combustion engine (ICE) technology has
Key words: Electric vehicle, Simulink, ICE, MATLAB, SOC, evolved over the past 100 years and will primarily focus
on increasing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions
I. INTRODUCTION [1].
Energy conservation is one of the most pressing issues The key obstacles to tackle in EVs are battery-related
confronting the world's ecology. Our global energy issues, such as the high initial cost, limited driving
environment, too, faces numerous challenges. Internal range, and extended battery charging time [2]. During
combustion engines have dominated as the primary the simulation, a driving cycle is a set of vehicle velocity
source of propulsion for automobiles for a long time, values that the electric car must attain [3]. In uncertain
resulting in greater exploitation of fossil fuels, which are driving situations, PHEV power management has been
rapidly depleting. Electric vehicles are the way of the improved. Compared to regular cars that utilize [4], it is
future. more cost-effective and environmentally beneficial.
The current trend of reducing energy consumption and Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the technological
environmental impact has led to the electrification of advancements that have made our lives easier and safer,
vehicles of the future. Despite the fact that internal and they continue to do so. Because electric vehicles not
combustion engine (ICE) technology has evolved over only consume but also produce, store, and transport
the past 100 years. It will mainly focus on increasing energy. This is what makes it a great alternative to
energy efficiency and reducing emissions. Many have gasoline-powered cars. MATLAB simulation model of
advocated battery electric vehicles (EVs) as one of the an electric vehicle, this study can be used to model a
aforementioned responses because they are highly vehicle using formulas [5].
efficient, quiet, zero-emissions and can be managed by In addition, studies of electric vehicles [6] provide
grid operators. With a large capacity battery, electric simulations of battery electric vehicles with discussions
vehicles run on onboard batteries. Electric motors and on various factors. The e-bike system's subsystem
all onboard electronics run on their batteries. Electric models, such as motor (permanent magnet synchronous
vehicles are non-hazardous and emit no toxic pollutants. motor), controller (field direction control) and battery
As a result, in the not-too-distant future, electric (lithium ion), have been discussed separately. The
vehicles are projected to be the most reliant kind of dynamics of the bicycle have also been investigated in
transportation. order to give the essential road reaction for accurate
With a large capacity battery, electric vehicles run on modeling [7]. The MATLAB model is based on
onboard batteries. Electric motors and all onboard mechanical equations, and the power source is a built-in
electronics run on their batteries. A car is one of the model for the Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery [8]. Other
modes of transportation utilized in cities and villages. research [9] offer the simulation of a basic electric car
The vehicle is usually utilized with oil in Indonesia. motor-drive system and dynamics, which were used to

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

investigate the performance and influence of various

vehicle and electric drive parameters.
In this model, an electric car will be simulated using
MATLAB-Simulink, and the factors affecting the
vehicle's energy usage will be investigated.
The proposed system having the following objectives to
achieve while designing:
1. Modelling of Electrical vehicle using MATLAB
Simulink
2. Discussing parameters.
3. Giving suitable Driving Cycle for the vehicle.
Fig 2. Gravitational Force

II. VEHICLE MODELLING ∗ ∗ sin (1)

Because of the high levels of global warming, pollution, g is gravity
and fuel depletion, the current way of internal combustion m is weight of 2 wheels
engine vehicles will become obsolete. In the current alpha is angle between ground and horizontal plane
scenario, an electric car is the best option. Because the
technology is new, we have a variety of high-cost
b. Aerodynamics
vehicles. The majority of automobiles require registration
and other government-issued certifications. There are so
many issues and limits that are preventing the seamless The movement of the scooter in a fluid (the air) causes
adoption of electric automobiles. In this model, we will with the system (aerodynamic flow).
propose a two-wheeler that will not require vehicle ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ^2 (2)
registration and will only go at a maximum speed of 25 ρ is the density of air, 1.225kg/m^3.
kilometers per hour. According to laws, vehicles traveling Cx is the drag coefficient, about 0.9 for this type of
less than 25 kilometres per hour do not require a helmet or vehicle.
vehicle registration. This model will be compatible with S is the front surface in m^2, also taking into account
scooters and bicycles. Vehicles with small motors must the conductor surface.
determine which areas consume the most energy, and a v is the speed of the scooter relative to the air.
drive cycle must be proposed based on this research.
The block schematic for the two-wheeler we're working c. The Rolling Resistance Force
on is displayed below. Future studies and adjustments are
also possible. The contact between the wheels and the ground causes
a loss of power during the transmission of motion.

∗ ∗ ∗ cos (3)
m is the total mass of the system.
g is gravity.
Alpha is the angle of the slope in °.
Cr is the rolling coefficient and is equal to 0.1071.
0:47 (P is wheel pressure in kPa).

d. Balance of the forces

The sum of all forces acting on an object, according to

Newton's first law of motion, is equal to the mass of the
object times the acceleration of the object. All the forces
acting on the scooter have been described previously
and their amplitudes can be estimated to establish the
Fig 1. Electric vehicle model block diagram
effective mechanical power you should provide to
The mechanical modelling of vehicle involves the
compensate for them.
following,
a. Gravitational Force
From the Equation (1), (2) & (3) deriving Equation (4)
and so equation (5)
One component is parallel to the motion and the other is
perpendicular. No work is done along a direction of
(4)
motion if the force is perpendicular, so only the parallel
component of the weight will be considered in the
equation. ! " #" $$ % % % . (5)

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

III. MATLAB SIMULINK PROPOSED SYSTEM Gearing is done by simple gear, where B and F connects
For this Model the maximus speed of the vehicle is both DC motor and differential respectively.
restricted to 25KMPH and gradeability is of 5 degrees. Second subsystem contains DC motor which is
And asper the block diagram subsystems are created. controlled by H-Bridge and which is getting pulses from
We have four main subsystems. They are controlled pulse width modulator (PWM) voltage.
1. Vehicle body PWM getting signal from longitudinal driver through
2. Motor and Controller controlled voltage sources.
3. Driver Input DC motor model with electric and torque characteristics
4. Battery and SOC (state of charge) and fault model. Here in proposed model motor rating
For this model H and NR connected to each tire and S1, are 250W and 48V permanent magnet dc motor with
S2 connected to axles of rear and front tires respectively.
rated load and speed parameterization. A mechanical
Inside that we will give mass of vehicle which is 45 KG.
The horizontal distance from front and rea axel distance rotational reference is also connected. Controlled
from CG are 539 mm and 681 mm respectively. Frontal voltage sources will give the required signal from the
area about 3.15 m^2, drag coefficient 0.29 and air Longitudinal driver it may be acceleration or
density 1.18 KG/m^3. deceleration based on the feedback.
In this model, we are following load dependent magic Third subsystem of the model is Drive input.
formula for tires and rolling radius of 0.3m. But rolling In longitudinal driver we give the input as Velocity
resistance considered to be zero. Nominal load is around reference and feedback. Gradeability for the model is
561N with passenger and 806N with load and given which is 5 degrees. Based on the feedback the
passenger. The differential block represents a gear longitudinal driver will give the acceleration or braking
mechanism that allows the drive shafts to rotate at action which is transmitted to PWM. Maximum velocity
different speeds. Differentials are common in cars, is restricted to 25 KMPH. Using signal builder, given
where they allow different wheels to turn at different the drive pattern here which is given below. The drive
speeds when cornering. Differential will easily add and input signal is velocity for 1000 seconds.
remove backlash, faults, and thermal effects.
Differential allow us to reduce the losses and friction.

Fig 3. Simulink Model of two-wheeler

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

voltage and current values separately. Battery will have

600wh, 12.5Ah capacity. This is the fourth subsystem.

Fig
Fig 4. Vehicle body subsystem 7. Drive signal

This is the proposed two-wheeler model with maximum

speed 25 kmph and battery capacity of approximately
50V and motor rating of 250w Hub motor. In this model
optimization and factors affecting are to be founded.
There are Controlled current sources and controlled
voltages sources which are used for the smooth run of
the model, since they can give proper signals.

IV. IV. BENCHMARK MODEL OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER

WITH 100KMPH
Vehicle body connected to two-tires with Hub and NR.
The vehicle mass can be of 600Kg. Drag values are
frontal area 2 m^2 and drag coefficient of .25. The tires
are connected to differential. With the help of
differential, we can optionally include inertia and losses
from gear machine and viscus friction. Simple gear
Fig 5. Motor and Controller subsystem which connects differential and DC motor. Whereas
differential connects both the tire axles. We can get the
actual speed from the vehicle body which can be given
to scope and display with the help of PS-Simulink
converter to show digital values. And make it to Km/h.
DC motor connected to mechanical rotational reference
and simple gear on one side, current sensor, H-bridge
and electrical reference on the other hand. Control
PWM voltage will give the signals. With the help of H-
Bridge we can give Acceleration, reversing and
braking.IN H-bridge we can manage power supply by
both internally and externally. To get optimized model
input threshold voltage values are given very low
(0.001) and PWM amplitude as 1V, since simulation to
be done in Averaged mode to reduce the simulation
time. Making output voltage as 50V also. Control PWM
voltage input scaling values can be 0 for low value and
1 for higher value. PWM will get input from
Fig 6. Drive input Longitudinal Driver as one or zero. To observe the
current to motor, adding scope. From H-bridge,
A lithium-ion battery of rated capacity 50V with Reference, brake, reverse and solver all connected to
response time of 30 seconds and initial state of charge electrical reference. This complete system is another
100%. The simulation will be done without aging effect. subsystem called motor and controller.
Battery +ve and -ve are connected with controlled In longitudinal driver changing the reference feedback
current source which us getting the input from H bridge unit as km/h and fixing the control unit as PI control. A
current. Since it can store the energy while braking as drive cycle is given to longitudinal driver by the help of
regenerative braking. Also, it can observe the SOC, signal builder, which is similar to proposed model. But,

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

the maximus speed is 100 KMPH and gradeability given output in scopes to check the parameters. The controlled
as constant zero. Velocity reference is given from signal current source from power system fundamental blocks
builder and feedback taken from the Vehicle body itself. act as a controlled voltage source. The same current
Based on the feedback acceleration and deceleration which flows from battery to motor during acceleration
commands are given which is passed to PWM using and motor to battery during braking.
both controlled voltage source and Simulink-PS The actual speed and reference speed are connected to
converter. These blocks have the ability to give same scopes and gives the clear view how they are related.
voltage. For calculating manually, the average speed, use basic
Similar to proposed model, a battery and state of charge formula speed*distance. To calculate distance, do the
subsystem made with Li-ion battery and. LI-ion battery integration of velocity and dividing this value by 3600
is of 50V nominal and rated voltage. Also, the initial seconds (1 hour). So, by this simulation done for 1000
SOC is of 100% response time is 30s. By using a bus seconds.
selector selecting the signals we wanted and giving their

Fig 8. Benchmark model of electric two-wheeler

V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS For both curves, the x-axis represents time, the Y-axis
Following are the main points when considering the represents voltage and speed on the respective curves.
results obtained from the simulation. Mainly we are Both reference speed and actual speed are obtained.
considering the State of Charge (SOC) and Speed Main point to note down from the results is that average
(Velocity) in results. From SOC results it is clear that speed around 50kmph. The voltage of battery is 50v.
for the first 400 seconds battery discharges non linearly Also, it is clear that actual speed is following the
and further 200 seconds discharges linearly. Further 400 reference speed. Actual maximum speed is not meeting
seconds based on feedback it is charging and the reference maximum speed but still it’s
discharging. approximately reaching around the reference value
based on the given drive signal.

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

Fig 9. State of charge of battery

Fig 12. Actual speed V/S reference speed
25KMPH vehicle

VI. CONCLUSION
A study over electric vehicle simulation, both
mechanical and electrical areas covered in the study.
More literature survey needed for the upgraded version
and isolation of factors. Here the 2-wheeler simulation
of electric vehicle is done and did some optimization
studies over the soc and speed. Also note down the
changes needed to be done for the exact vehicle
simulation. Started three-wheeler simulation and in the
next phase this could be done with the studies based on
different factors and different drive cycles. And now the
speed is limiting to 25kmph and voltage of battery to be
of average 48v. Also, studies shows that the model can
be upgraded with BLDC motor which is readily used in
current Electric vehicles as well as can use different
drive cycles available. So that it can conserve the energy
Fig 10. Actual speed V/S Reference speed as well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS)

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