WORM AND WHEEL APPARATUS

Group no. 05

Group Members:
1. Haseeb Ramzan (130501006)
2. Muhammad Saad Hameed (130501022)
3. Zain Ul Hassan (130501023)
4. Muhammad Saad Abubakar (130501024)
5. Sarmad Fayyaz (130501033)
6. Zain Ul Abadin (130501025)
7. Syed Mansoob Bukhari (130501039)
8. Malik Hamza Khalid (130501040)
9. Saeed Anwar Bhatty (130501042)

Date: 12-11-2014
Worm and Wheel Apparatus Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MFW-EXP01/00

Table of Contents
Table of content...............................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................3
6.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................4
6.2 APPARATUS............................................................................................................................4
6.3 THEORY...................................................................................................................................4
6.3.1 Mechanical advantage........................................................................................................6
6.3.2 The effort-load graph-the law of machine..........................................................................6
6.3.3 The Mechanical advantage -Load curve.............................................................................6
6.3.4 Friction effort......................................................................................................................7
6.3.5 Velocity Ratio.....................................................................................................................7
6.3.6 Efficiency............................................................................................................................7
6.4 Experiment 01: MA, VR and efficiency of worm and worm wheel.........................................8
6.4.2 Objective.......................................................................................................................8
6.4.3 Procedure.......................................................................................................................8
6.4.4 Sources of error.............................................................................................................8
6.4.5 Precautions....................................................................................................................8
6.4.3 Observations and Results....................................................................................................8
4.5 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................9
4.6 WORK DISTRIBUTION...................................................................................................10

Table of content
ABSTRACT

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 6.1 INTRODUCTION
The apparatus consists of a toothed wheel fixed with a drum on the wheel meshes with the
toothed wheel. The worm is fixed on a metallic spindle. The spindle carries a pulley from which
hangs for application of effort. Another string also passes on the drum for carrying the weight to
be lifted. The worm and worm wheel arrangement is widely used for performing mechanical
jobs. As in screw jack this arrangement also fundamentally provides some mechanical advantage
& this is used to lift the loads. The concept that rolling friction is less than sliding friction is used
in this experiment. At the point of release the string is in a state of pure rolling with respect to the
drums.

6.2 APPARATUS

6.3 THEORY
A worm wheel is a simple lifting machine. The basic motion of the Lifting Machines is the rotary
motion. This is usually achieved by the use of pulleys and belts. However, in those machines
where a positive drive (i.e. no slip drive) is essential and no slip between belt and pulleys can be
accepted, a toothed belt and pulley is used. A gear is a wheel with accurately machined teeth
round its edge. One type of gear is the worm and the worm wheel.

This lifting machine consists of the following parts:

a. Worm
It is a gear with just one tooth. The tooth is in the form of a screw thread.
b. Worm Wheel
This is like a normal gear wheel.
c. Load Drum
This is mounted on the worm wheel and rotates when load to be lifted is applied to it.
d. Metallic Spindle
This is attached to the worm. It is attached to a pulley where the effort is applied.

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 Fig 6.2 Elements of worm and worm wheel

A worm gear, or worm wheel, is a type of gear that engages with a worm to greatly reduce
rotational speed or to allow higher torque to be transmitted. The image below shows a section of
a gear box with bronze worm gear being driven by a worm. A worm gear is an example of a
screw.
The arrangement of gears seen below is called a worm and worm wheel. The worm, which in
this example is brown in color, only has one tooth but it is like a screw thread. The worm wheel,
colored yellow, is like a normal gear wheel or spur gear. The worm always drives the worm
wheel round, it is never the opposite way round as the system tends to lock and jam.

Fig 6.3 Description of apparatus (worm and worm wheel)

The apparatus consists of a toothed wheel fixed with a drum on it. The worm meshes with the
toothed wheel. The worm is fixed on a metallic spindle. The spindle carries a pulley from which
a string hangs for application of effort. Another string also passes on the drum for carrying the
weight to be lifted.

D = diameter of pulley attached to worm = 97mm

d = diameter of drum fixed on wheel = 97mm
T = number of teeth on worm wheel = 30mm

If one revolution is given to the pulley, only one tooth of worm wheel moves of the worm
threads are of a single start.

V.R. = D T/2d
M.A.= W/P
Efficiency = M.A / V.R = (W/P) / (D*T/2*d) = (W/P)*(2d/DT)*100

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 Fig 6.4 Load and effort (Worm and worm wheel)

A machine is an assembly of rigid bodies designed for the purpose of converting energy or for
transmitting a force or torque thus doing work. An example of a simple machine found in the
mechanics laboratory is that of a worm or wheel.

6.3.1 Mechanical advantage

A machine is usually designed so that the load over come is greater than the effort applied. The
ratio of load of effort is known as the mechanical advantage of the machine. Therefore,

Load (6.1)
Mechanical Advantage=
Effort

In an ideal machine there is no friction and the ratio load/ideal effort is then called the ideal
mechanical advantage. In practice the actual mechanical advantage is always less than the ideal
and is obtained by experiment.

6.3.2 The effort-load graph-the law of machine

If an experiment is carried out to determine the effort E required to lift a load W for a range of
values of the load then a straight line is usually obtained. Since the graph is a straight line, the
relation between E and W may be represented by the equation
E=aW +b (6.2)

where a and b are constants which are obtained from the graph.
This equation is known as the law of machine.

6.3.3 The Mechanical advantage -Load curve

A graph of mechanical advantage against load can be plotted from experimental values. From
such a graph the mechanical advantage at any load may be obtained. Usually the mechanical
advantage increases with load but there is no straight line relationship between these two
quantities.

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6.3.4 Friction effort
The effort required at any particular load to overcome friction effort. The actual effort E required
at any load is made up of two parts:

a. The effort required to move the load if the machine was ideal.
b. The effort to overcome friction.

Usually the friction effort increases linearly with load, but the increase in friction effort is not as
great as the corresponding increase in load.

6.3.5 Velocity Ratio

To obtain a mechanical advantage greater than unity, the effort must move through a greater
distance than that through which the load moves. Since the distances moved by the load and
effort take place at the same time, the ratio of these distances is the same as the ratio of the
velocities. The velocity ratio of the machine is defined as:

Distance moved by effort (6.3)

Velocity Ratio=
Distance moved by load

The velocity ratio of a machine usually remains constant for all loads.
Using the principal of work it can be shown that for an ideal machine the velocity ratio is equal
to the ideal mechanical advantage. But note that for a real machine the velocity ratio is not the
same as the mechanical advantage since there is always some friction present and the actual
mechanical advantage is always less than the ideal.

6.3.6 Efficiency
The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the useful work done by the machine to the
actual work put in to the machine. It can be shown that:

Mechanical Advantage (4.4)

Efficiency=η=
Velocity Ratio

For a simple machine, efficiency usually increases with load until it reaches a limiting value.

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 6.4 Experiment 01: MA, VR and efficiency of worm and worm wheel

6.4.2 Objective

6.4.3 Procedure

6.4.4 Sources of error

 Hanger is not balanced with dead weight.
 Weights for load are taken after the weights for effort.
 Weights for effort are not taken continuously rather at once.
 Readings are taken orally rather in written form.
 Threads are not wound properly.
 More than two persons are operating the experiment.

6.4.5 Precautions
7 Hanger should be carefully balanced with dead weight. Weights for load must be added first and
for effort later. Effort should not be applied all at once but it should be applied slowly and
continuously. Not more than two person should be using apparatus .Thread should be wound
carefully in regular pattern. Readings must be taken carefully in written form.

6.4.3 Observations and Results

V.R. = D T/2d
M.A.= W/P
η = M.A / V.R

Sr. Load, W (N) Effort, P (N) Mechanical Velocity Ratio % Efficiency

# Advantage

1 19.6 1 19.6 20 81.67

2 10.2 0.6 17 20 85

3 19.6 1 19.6 20 81.67

Table 6.1 Calculation of MA, VR and Efficiency of worm and worm wheel

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4.5 CONCLUSION

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4.6 WORK DISTRIBUTION

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