Module 01: Introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT)

Learning Outcomes
• Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to:
• Describe the key concepts behind the Internet of Things (IoT)
• Explain the definition and usage of IoT systems in different contexts
• Gain knowledge about IoT applications across various segments
 What is the Internet of Things
(IoT)?
• IoT is a network of interconnected objects
(things) that are embedded with sensors,
actuators, software, and other technologies for
the purpose of connecting and exchanging data
with other devices and systems over the internet.

• IoT is the intersection of the

Internet, Things and Data.
 What is the Internet of Things
(IoT)?
• After excluding computers and
handheld devices (e.g., cellphones and
tablets), there are 16.5 billion
connected things in 2023 worldwide
• IoT collects that data from millions of
sensors embedded in everything from
cars, to refrigerators, to space capsules
 IoT - Historical
Yesterday Perspective Today Today/Tomorrow
local Area Networks (LAN), Static Wireless Mobile, ubiqitous Machine to machine (M2M), Internet of
services (email, web) Internet access, Cloud Mobile Things (IoT), Smart World services
Services & Resources

Evolution
 IoT
Domains
• With sensors becoming increasingly ubiquitous, there is tremendous potential
for innovative IoT applications across a wide variety of domains

Smart
Predictive Automated Grid
Safety and
Maintenance Transportatio
Security
n
Smart

Home
Precision Health
Inventory
Smart Agriculture
Military Management
City
 IoT is Everywhere: From Home to
Work
- Automated Transportation
- Smart Farming
- Smart Surveillance Cameras
- Thermostats
- Baby Monitors
- Smart TVs
- Refrigerators
- Children’s Toys
- Automatic Light Bulbs
 IoT sensing: more sensors than
- ever of Sensing devices (digital data)
Pervasiveness
• E.g. current smartphones are equipped with a number of embedded sensors

- A Mobile Smartphone can provide a lot

of context information about you and
your activities:
- your mobility (even wthout GPS)
- your movement between floors in a
building
- Your speech
- Your contacts
- Your interaction with other objects
- … And more
Four Main Components of IoT
Systems

Sensing Communication Computing Acting

IoT Systems
 IoT sensors and
•
Actuators
Sensor: a connected device enabling the sensing
of physical parameters of the scenario or
controlled environment, whose values are
transformed into digital data.
• Actuator: a connected device enabling the
activation of actions on the controlled
environment.
• Controller: a connected device implementing an
algorithm to transform input data in actions.
• Smart things: digital devices providing service
functions realized by the synergy between
sensors, actuators and controllers (possibly
implemented by local/distributed execution
platforms and M2M/Internet communications).
 IoT
Pervasive
Characteristics
Connectivity Heterogeneous Scalability
• IoT devices are • Networks exist on • Many technologies • Order of magnitude
Ubiquitous much smaller interact with each higher than
• Embedded and cheaper other current Internet
everywhere scale

Sensors Active Engagement Small Devices Intelligence

• IoT loses its • IoT introduces a • IoT devices have • IoT enhances every
distinction without new paradigm for become smaller, aspect of life with the
sensors active content, cheaper, and more power of data
• Sensors transform product and powerful over time. collection, artificial
IoT from a passive service • IoT exploits small intelligence and smart
network of devices engagement devices to deliver its networks
into an active precision,
system scalability, and
versatility
 Advantages of the
IoT
Improved Customer Engagement and Decision making Efficiency and lower operating costs
• Transform passive engagement into vibrant and active • Use cheap technology to lower the operating expenses
engagement with users and promote energy conservation
• Gain insight into potential new products and service • Monitor the performance, quality, and reliability of
• Deliver post-sales services efficiently products and services

Reduced Waste Technology Optimization

• Make areas of improvement clear • Improve customer experience and better understand
• Provide real-world information leading to the more product use
effective management of resources • Unlock the world of critical functional and field data
• Deliver revenue-generating post-sales services

Enhanced Data Collection New business opportunities

• Collect sensing data from the right places in the right • IoT provides the the ability to collect data from the
times network and use advanced analytics to uncover new
• Remote troubleshooting of products business insights and opportunities
 Disadvantages of
IoT
Network security Data privacy
• IoT creates an ecosystem of connected devices • The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal
communicating over networks which leave users exposed data in extreme detail without the user’s active
to various kinds of security attacks participation

Complexity Flexibility
• IoT systems are complicated in terms of design, • IoT systems are flexible in integrating easily with each
deployment, and maintenance other, which may cause conflicts between different
• IoT often uses multiple technologies and a large set of vendors or locked systems
new enabling technologies

Compliance Unemployment
• IoT technology must comply with regulations • The wide-use of IoT will result in a significant loss of
• IoT complexity makes the issue of compliance seem mundane jobs
incredibly challenging • IoT will have a devastating impact on the employment
prospects of less-educated workers
Evolution from Embedded Systems to IoT
and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)
Internet of

IoT CPS Cyber-

Physical
Things
(e.g.,
Smart City
Systems Transport)
Networke (e.g.,
Control of d networked
Sensing of combined Embedded
the physical organizational Systems distribute
world and physical Embedded
d traffic)
processes Systems
(e.g.,
Board)
Internet Tight huma
connectivity n machine
interaction

Used in China Used in USA and

and EU EU
Difference Between Cyber-Physical Systems and IoT
Technology: CPS Technology: IoT
Intelligent engineered systems that seamlessly Internet of Thins (IoT) is a catch-all term for the
integrate computation, networking and physical growing number of physical devices around the
processes. It is a system that combines physics world that are connected to the internet and
with cyber components, potentially networked eventually to each other. IoT is a networked world
and tightly interconnected, providing the of interconnected devices, objects, and people.
foundation for IoT.

Focus: CPS Focus: IoT

• Is a generalization of embedded systems. These • IoT represents a more evolved state where physical
systems are concerned with how physical systems and digital worlds are blended into a single space. It
can be controlled and monitored using the cyber is focused on how these physical objects can be
space. In practical terms, this integration takes into connected to the internet to do something
account both the cyber part and the physical part meaningful.
working together.
 Difference Between Cyber-Physical Systems and IoT
Mechanism: CPS Mechanism: IoT
• smart embedded systems that integrate sensor • IoT is purely automation meaning no human
networks with embedded computing to intervention is required.
monitor the physical environment. The
mechanism is controlled and monitored by
computer-based algorithms. With human
assistance, these systems can autonomously
evaluate operational conditions and
subsequently support decision-making

Scope: CPS Scope: IoT

• CPS integrate actuators or sensors with networking • IoT is the on the level of physical objects and it is
concerned with building ubiquitous connection in
technologies. Sensors and actuators work in the the physical space.
feedback loop using human intervention so that • IoT is not limited to just connecting things; it allows
their behavior could be changed based on user’s these things to communicate and exchange data,
requirements. which can be analyzed and processes further into
meaningful information.
 IoT in Agriculture: Smart
Farming
• By using IoT sensors to collect environmental, farmers can make informed decisions,
and improve every aspect of their work – from livestock to crop farming.
 How is IoT Shaping
SmartAgriculture?
Agriculture Sensors Cost Management and Waste Reduction
• E.g. weather conditions, soil quality, crop’s • Monitor anomalies in the crop growth or
growth progress or cattle’s health. livestock
• Data can be used to track the state of the • Mitigate the risks of losing the yield
agriculture field as well as equipment • Lead to higher revenue.
efficiency.

Process Automation Enhanced Product Quality and Volumes

• Increase business efficiency through • Achieve better control over the production
process automation process
• By using smart devices, farmers can • Maintain higher standards of crop quality
automate multiple processes across your and growth capacity through automation.
production cycle
• E.g. irrigation, fertilizing, or pest control.
 Monitoring Climate
Conditions
• Weather stations combine various smart farming
sensors
• Weather stations collect various data from the
environment and send it to the cloud
• These measurements can be used to map the
climate conditions
• It can be also used to choose the appropriate
crops, and take the required measures to improve
their capacity (i.e. precision farming)
 Greenhouse Automation

• The use of IoT sensors enables farmers to get

accurate real-time information on greenhouse
conditions such as lighting, temperature, soil
condition, and humidity.

• Weather stations can automatically adjust

the conditions inside the greenhouse to
match the given parameters.
 Crop Management

• Crop management devices, just like

weather stations, can be placed in
the field to collect data specific to
crop farming such as temperature,
leaf water potential, overall crop
health, etc.

• Farmers can monitor their crop

growth and any anomalies to
effectively prevent any diseases or
infestations that can harm the yield
 Cattle Monitoring and Management
• IoT agriculture sensors that can be
attached to animals on a farm to
monitor their health and log
performance.
• Livestock tracking and monitoring help
collect data on stock health, well-being,
and physical location.
• Such sensors can identify sick animals
so that farmers can separate them from
the herd and avoid contamination.
• Using drones for real-time cattle
tracking also helps farmers reduce
staffing expenses.
 Agricultural
Drones
• Also known as UAVs (unmanned
aerial vehicles), drones are better
equipped than airplanes and
satellites to collect agricultural
data.
• Drones can also perform a vast
number of tasks that previously
required human labor such as
planting crops, fighting pests and
infections, agriculture spraying,
crop monitoring, etc.
 IoT
Wearables’ Characteristics
Wearables Connectivity
• Small electronic devices • Wearable devices are not always connected to the
• Comprised of one or more sensors Internet
• Associated with clothing or worn accessories, such • Offer connectivity, such as Bluetooth- or NFC-
as watches, wristbands, glasses, and jewelry (Near Field Communications) based connectivity
• Have some sort of computational capability to smartphones
• Capture and process data about the physical world • Connect to smartphone applications
• Some presenting data in some sort of display

IoT Wearables
• Adding information & value to wearables'
capabilities
• More sensors and functionalities
• Integration with services and data provided by
other devices (including other wearables)
 IoT Wearable
System
Input Device Display Device

Com port VGA out

grabber
Frame

card
Network
Wireless

Video Camera Main Unit Network

Parallel Back plane

port

Low Power Indicator Power Supply

 Wearables Input & Output
DevicesInput Devices Output Devices
• Keyboard alternative, included chording keyboards • Head Mounted Displays (HMDs)
and special purpose keyboards • Flat panels, text-to-speech
• Mouse alternatives, including trackballs and • Tactile output
joysticks • Non-speech auditory output
• Tab alternatives, including buttons and • Paper and olfactory output (scent)
dials
• Eye trackers
• Head trackers
• Pens
• Gesturing
• Bar code readers
• Textiles
• Video capture devices, microphones, GPS
locators
• Speech recognition
• Other devices (e.g., skin sensors)
Wearables Functionalities and Application
Areas

Sensors Consumer- Non-consumer-

oriented oriented applications
applications
• Light • Fitness and sports • Defense
• Sound • Fashion and
• Speed/acceleration and security
• Humidity apparel • Manufacturing and
• Temperature • Home industry
• automation • Healthcare
Accelerometers
• Gaming
 Wearables
Examples
Apple Watch Sensoria Fitness T-shirt Adidas Smart Run
• Includes a heart rate • Comprised of • Wrist device that
sensor, GPS, and an embedded textile monitors the wearer's
accelerometer sensors heart rate and
• Fully integrated into • Enables tracking of location data
the Apple ecosystem heart rate • Blended into Adidas
miCoach system
 Wearables
Examples
FitBit’s Flex Google Glass Nike+ Sportwatch
• Sleek wristband • Head-mounted • Measures the
• Provides real-time wearable distance
statistics on a user's computer traveled
daily fitness • Projects a • Measures pace
activity transparent screen and speed of the
in front of the user’s wearer's run
field of vision
 Wearables
Examples
Samsung’s Galaxy Gear Sony Core Garmin SmartWatch
• Android-based smart • Wrist-worn • Built-in sports apps
watch waterproof • Smart scales with
• Synchronizes with a wearable smart wireless
cellphone to achieve band with a built-in connectivity
smartphone-like sensor • Enables a more active
capabilities • Records activity levels lifestyle
throughout the day
 IoT Future
Wearables
Trends
Interoperability Novel IoT Services
Ecosystem
s
• Complete • Across devices of • Integrated IoT
programming and different types and wearables services
application from different combining data and
development vendors services from
environments • Across different multiple
beyond the device ecosystems ecosystems
level • Single entry • Driven by
• Wearables as parts point for innovation for
of the IoT managing fitness,
ecosystem personal data healthcare,
industry, etc.
 IoT and Manufacturing Maintenance
Activities
Preventative and condition-
Predictive Maintenance
based monitoring
• Prevent malfunctions • Leverage multiple
• Equipment that needs to modalities to predict when
operate within a certain maintenance will be
temperature range, the required
company can use IoT • Examples: vibration
sensors to actively monitor analysis, oil analysis,
when it goes out of range thermal imaging, etc.
• Measuring vibrations to
detect operations that are
out of spec
• Leverages Big Data
Analytics including
predictive
modelling
Asset Monitoring and Management Using
IoT

Asset Management using IoT Example Business Models Industry example

• Models around hours of • GE’s maintenance cost per
• Monitoring assets for their status
operation rather than equipment (flight) hour model for its
(including predictive maintenance)
sale; buyers use the equipment in aviation business
using IoT Technologies
an “as-a-service” offering
• New service offerings and
• New and very closely linked
business models for equipment
business relationships between
suppliers manufacturers and their suppliers
 IoT Applications Development
Process

Focus on Rapid Developing

Initiate
application deployment, product
Analyze Create an IoT engagement
development monitoring, features
sensory vision and employee
and and and
architecture communicatio
infrastructur modification embedded
n
e planning sensors
 IoT Applications - Smart
City
Urbanization Demographic changes Changing lifestyles Climate change
• Urban population • Number of seniors • Changes in family • Climate changes &
worldwide amounts aged 60 or over is patterns global warning
currently to the fastest growing • New habits in • Policies for efficient
approximate segment of the work and mobility, use of water,
4.1 billion people population at a rate e.g., tele-working, energy, and other
• Expected to of 3.26% vehicle sharing, & resources
double by 2050 • Decline in infant renting • Measures for
• Resource mortality & • Need for novel sustainable growth
depletion; need for high fertility urban services
efficient • Proliferation of the in support of
management of younger these changes
resources population
• Exclusion, • Need for
inequality, and employment
rising insecurity opportunities
 Smart Cities and
IoT
Smart Cities are empowered by Relevant IoT technologies
IoT technologies • Connectivity: WiFi, 4G/LTE, 5G
• Empowers internet-based connectivity • Devices interaction: IoT middleware
across devices • Scalable processing: Cloud computing
• IoT will generate up to $11.1 trillion a • Data processing: Data mining, Data
year in economic value by 2025 analytics, BigData
• Smart cities are one of the IoT settings
with the highest business value
 Smart City Development
Model
Phase 1: Digital Phase 2: Services Phase 3: Services
Infrastructure Development Integration & Citizens
• Broadband • Smart Energy, Smart Participation
networks Transport, Urban • Integration and reusability
• Sensor networks Mobility of data & services
• Public Open Data • Stakeholder • Citizen engagement
• Certification & validation s • "Integrated Smart City"
of infrastructures Involvement
• "Digital city" • "Smart City"
 IoT & Smart Cities Services
Trends Public
Interoperability Citizen Engagement
Private
Partnerships
• Control center • Engagement in • Public sector
integrating all IoT Services deploys
systems and design (e.g., co- connectivity
projects in the creation, infrastructure
smart city integration of (Wifi); while
using IoT artistic private sector
technologies concepts) deploys services
• Citizen-
centric
services
 IoT in
Patient Monitoring Healthcare
• Sensors collect patient data
• Microcontrollers
process, analyze, and
wirelessly communicate
the data
• Microprocessors enable rich
graphical user interfaces
• Healthcare-specific gateways
through which sensor data
is further analyzed and sent
to the cloud
 IoT and Clinical
Care

Target Benefits Implementation

• Replace the process of having a • Improve quality of care • Constant monitoring using IoT-
health professional come by at • Lowers the cost of care by driven, noninvasive sensors
regular intervals to check the eliminating the need for a • Collect comprehensive
patient’s vital signs caregiver to actively engage in physiological information
data collection and analysis • Uses gateways and the Cloud to
analyze and store the information
• Send the analyzed data wirelessly
to caregivers for further analysis
and review
 Connected Car and IoT Transport
—Sensors
— An economy cars: more than 200 sensors (brakes, belts, air bags, doors, etc.)
A luxury car: more than 600 sensors (A/C, ABS, lights, radar, road conditions, etc.)
— 70 sensors just in the engine of a 2005 Ford Focus (today 15X w.r.t. 15 years ago)
— Vehicle safety and comfort has improved via sensors and actuators

The vehicle’s automatic control (beyond driver) is more likely

a “nervous system” reacting to possible problems,
Image source: Beaudaniels-illustration.com
obstacles and contributing to comfort and safety
 Connected Car and IoT Transport
Sensors

Source: Application Developers Alliance, “Internet of Things: Automotive as a Microcosm of IoT”, White Paper, 2019
 Connected Car: Indicative
Applications
Infotainment Vehicle-to-Vehicle Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
(V2V) (V2I) Communication
Communication
• Brings information functions (i.e., • Wireless exchange of the position, • Wireless exchange of
navigation, location-based services, speed, and location data between information between vehicles
rear seat web browsing, social nearby vehicles and roadside infrastructure
networking, etc.) into the vehicle’s • E.g., toward improving the safety of • Communicate with the roads,
entertainment system. commuters digital signage, traffic lights,
• E.g., CarPlay for using iTunes, safety, and control systems
watch videos, run navigation apps • E.g., avoid crashes and
on the in-dash display with a traffic congestion
touch screen interface & Apple’s
voice- companion Siri (vocal
commands)
• Bring the entire apps ecosystem to
the dashboard and present endless
possibilities for an in-car experience
• Examples: Read out email &
calendar reminders, order
food, switch on the heater,
etc.
 A Smart Home
Example
- One typical evening planning next working day…

Typical car trip 45 minutes to

in these days: wake up and
1 hour time get ready…

Tomorrow first
office meeting
at 8.30am

I decide to set my
alarm to wake up at
6:45am
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
Typical car trip
in these days: wake up and What could (will) possibly go wrong?
1 hour time get ready…
1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
Tomorrow first
office meeting 2) Truck obstruction along the usual path
at 8.30am 3) Traffic congestion on alternative paths
4) No parking at destination
5) Bathroom cold when having shower
6) Coffee cold when having breakfast
7) Left my car keys at home when in garage
8) Elevator busy when leaving my apt.
I decide to set my 9) Total time to get ready+breakfast: 55 min.
alarm to wake up at
6:45am

Leaving 10 minutes late + 30 minutes additional travel time

I missed the morning meeting!
 A Smart Home
Example
45 minutes to
wake up and Typical car trip
get ready… in these days:
Define your user’s 1 hour time
objective! Smart IoT Services
Tomorrow
first office
meeting at Based on my typical
8.30am habits decides to set my
alarm
to wake up at 6:45am
 A Smart Home
Example
Typical car trip
This is the PROGRAMMING effort! 45 minutes to
in these days:
wake up and
1 hour time
get ready…
Tomorrow Smart IoT Services
first office
meeting at
8.30am

What could (will) possibly go wrong?

1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
Get notified in real time by the weather
monitoring system or device.

Based on forecasts it anticipates the

Based current info
decides to set my
alarm clock to 6:30am (15 minutes before)
alarm to wake up at
6:30am
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
Typical car trip
in these days:
wake up and
This is the PROGRAMMING effort! 1 hour time
get ready…

Tomorrow Smart IoT Services

first office
meeting at
8.30am

What could (will) possibly go wrong?

1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
2) Truck obstruction along the usual path
3) Traffic congestion on alternative paths

Get notified in real time by the Traffic

Based current info monitoring information.
decides to set my
alarm to wake up at
6:30am Computes a new path and evaluates congestion delay, it
further anticipate alarm clock to 6:00am (30 minutes
before)
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
wake up and
Typical car trip
in these days:
1 hour time
get ready…

This is the PROGRAMMING effort!

Tomorrow Smart IoT Services What could (will) possibly go

first office
meeting at wrong?
8.30am 1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
2) Truck obstruction along the usual path
3) Traffic congestion on alternative paths
4) No parking at destination
Based on previous experience data and the
available parking reservation services
decides to reserve a indoor parking
Based current info
slot in a garage.
decides to set my
alarm to wake up at
6:00am Reservation code uploaded on the mobile
phone to access garage at destination
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s Smart IoT Services
objective! ALARM activated at 6:00 am
Tomorrow
first office
meeting at
8.30am

Get message on smart phone explaining

the reason why the alarm has been
anticipated.
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s Smart IoT Services
objective!
A
Tomorrow L
first office
meeting at A
8.30am R
M

a
5) Bathroom cold when having shower
c
HOWEVER, 10 minutes before at 5:50am…
t warming up the bathroom to 23
started
i
degrees
v
a
t
e
d
 A Smart Home
Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s Smart IoT Services
objective!

6) Coffee cold when having breakfast

Tomorrow
first office
meeting at
8.30am The mirror notifies I am leaving the bathroom, and while I get dressed in
my bedroom, the COFFEE MACHINE is activated in the kitchen, and the
warming up of the bathroom is switched off.
 A Smart Home
Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s Smart IoT Services When I leave my home passing through the main
objective!
door I got a message on my phone advising me
Tomorrow that I do not have the CAR KEYS with
first office me…
meeting at
8.30am

?
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s Smart IoT Services When I re-enter the door my phone informs me
objective!
that the keys are in proximity of the lamp on the
Tomorrow table in the living room, and the LAMP flashes to
first office help me to find the
meeting at KEYS
8.30am
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s Smart IoT Services When I re-enter the door my phone informs me
objective! that the keys are in proximity of the lamp on
the table in the living room, and the LAMP
Tomorrow flashes to help me to find the
first office KEYS
meeting at
8.30am
 A Smart Home
Example 45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…

Define your user’s Smart IoT Services When I reach the elevator, it has been already
objective!
called and it is waiting for me with open
doors.
Tomorrow
first office
meeting at
8.30am
 A Smart Home
Example Check possible
delays on the
path…

I am leaving with my car right in (planned) time,

Define your user’s Smart IoT Services with my path already set in the navigation
objective!
system, getting alerted of any problem on the
Tomorrow path and need to make detours in real time.
first office
meeting at
8.30am

… and when at destination I will have my car

parked in reserved indoor garage with no
delays. Barriers open with my contactless
smartphone code…
 A Smart Home
Example
Resolved all
the troubles…

Define your user’s Smart IoT Services

objective! I participate at the 8:30am meeting
Tomorrow
first office
Right in Time!
meeting at
8.30am