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Learning: General Psychology Notes

Learning is a continuous process that begins at birth and continues until death. It involves a relatively permanent behavioral change resulting from experience or practice. There are many types of learning including motor, verbal, concept, and stimulus-response learning. Factors that influence learning include characteristics of the learner like motivation and abilities as well as aspects of the learning experience like meaningfulness and quality of instruction. Several laws of learning describe how learning occurs, such as the laws of effect, exercise, frequency, and association. Prominent learning theories include behaviorist perspectives like classical and operant conditioning as well as cognitive approaches.

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Kizhakkedom Krishnankutty Shiju
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65 views

Learning: General Psychology Notes

Learning is a continuous process that begins at birth and continues until death. It involves a relatively permanent behavioral change resulting from experience or practice. There are many types of learning including motor, verbal, concept, and stimulus-response learning. Factors that influence learning include characteristics of the learner like motivation and abilities as well as aspects of the learning experience like meaningfulness and quality of instruction. Several laws of learning describe how learning occurs, such as the laws of effect, exercise, frequency, and association. Prominent learning theories include behaviorist perspectives like classical and operant conditioning as well as cognitive approaches.

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Kizhakkedom Krishnankutty Shiju
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEARNING

General Psychology Notes


LEARNING
 Crucial role in the development of an individual
 learning is a continuous process which starts right from the
time of birth of an individual and continues till the death
 Learning involves a behavioural change which can be better or
worse.
 This behavioural change should take place as a result of practice
and experience. Changes resulting from maturity or growth cannot
be considered as learning
 This behavioural change must be relatively permanent and last for a
long time enough.
LEARNING
 Gales defined Learning as the “behavioural modification
which occurs as a result of experience as well as training”. 
 Crow and Crow defined learning as “the process of
acquisition of knowledge, habits and attitudes”.
 According to E.A, Peel, “Learning can be described as a
change in the individual which takes place as a result of the
environmental change”. 
 H.J. Klausmeir described Learning as “a process which leads
to some behavioural change as a result of some experience,
training, observation, activity, etc”.
NATURE OF LEARNING
 It is a process not a product
 It involves all those experiences and trainings of an individual
from womb to tomb
 It produces positive or negative changes in behavior
 It prepares the individuals to adjust and to adapt
 Learning is purposeful and goal oriented
 It covers almost all the domains of human behavior (cognitive,
affective, conative etc.)
 It is universal and continuous
 It is transferable from situation to situation
 It helps in growth and development
 Promotes balanced development of personality
TYPES OF LEARNING
 Motor Learning: Our day to day activities like walking, running,
driving, etc, must be learnt for ensuring a good life. These activities to a
great extent involve muscular coordination.
 Verbal Learning: It is related with the language which we use to
communicate and various other forms of verbal communication such as
symbols, words, languages, sounds, figures and signs.
 Concept Learning: This form of learning is associated with higher
order cognitive processes like intelligence, thinking, reasoning, etc,
which we learn right from our childhood. Concept learning involves the
processes of abstraction and generalization, which is very useful for
identifying or recognizing things.
 Stimulus – Response Learning: Occur by the conditioning of
respondent behavior through a process of stimulus association and
substitution
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
TYPES OF LEARNING
 Discrimination Learning: Learning which distinguishes between
various stimuli with its appropriate and different responses is
regarded as discrimination stimuli.
 Paired associate Learning: learned by a reason of association
 Learning of Principles: Learning which is based on principles
helps in managing the work most effectively. Principles based
learning explains the relationship between various concepts.
 Attitude Learning: Attitude shapes our behaviour to a very great
extent, as our positive or negative behaviour is based on our
attitudinal predisposition.
 Perception Learning: Learning based on the sense organs and
the perceptual abilities(visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile)
 Problem solving Learning: Higher order learning that makes use
of cognitive abilities
FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING
 The learning process is based on
1. The learner ( whose behavior is expected to change)
2. The experience or training (The process that initiates change)
3. Resources – Men and material (used to initiate change)
Factors associated with learner
 Physical health

 Mental health

 Basic potential of the learner

 The level of motivation

 Goals of life

 Readiness and will power

 Maturation

 Age

 Emotions

 Gender
FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING
Factors associated with the experience or training
 Nature of the training or experience

 Meaningfulness of material

 Length of the material

Factors associated with the resources


 Quality of training

 Availability of learning materials

 Conducive environment
LAWS OF LEARNING
 Law of readiness
 Preparatory attitude or an appropriate mindset
 The response is depend upon the readiness of sensory and motor
neurons
 Law of effect
 Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation
became more likely to occur again in that situation and vice versa
 Edward Thorndike
 Law of exercise or use
 Familiar responses make the learning easier than their counter parts
 Law of frequency
 The more frequently a connection is exercised, the stronger the
connection becomes
LAWS OF LEARNING
 Law of disuse
 Disuse weakens the connection between stimulus and response
 Law of recency
 If the exercise is more recent, the connection will be stronger
 Law of primacy
 First impression attracts attention and learning
 Law of purpose
 A clear and definite goal or a purpose accelerates learning
 Law of association
 Association of ideas promote learning
LEARNING THEORIES
 Trail and error learning
 Learning is the process of internalizing the correct responses by excluding
the incorrect responses through trail and error
 Classical conditioning
 Learning is the result of the association of / the interaction between
stimulus and response
 Operant conditioning
 Learning is a voluntary response which can be strengthened or weakened
by favorable and unfavorable consequences
 Gestalt theory
 Learning is a purposeful, exploratory and creative process which
restructures the field of perception through insight
 Cognitive theory
 Learning the result of mental processes not just a stimulus response
reaction
Thank You

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