EE042-3.

5-2
Introduction to Electrical System

Chapter 2
Three Phase System
 Single Phase System

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Three Phase System

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Formulation

The notation for each individual phase is:

The sum of these three phase waveform is

zero.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Advantages of Three Phase
System

1. Lesser amount of copper is used in

constructing three phase system rather
then single phase system.
2. Higher efficiency compared to single
phase system.
3. Lesser cost but deliver higher power than
single phase system.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Phase Sequence

Considering the following three phase

machine:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Phase Sequence

For anti-clockwise rotation:

Phase Sequence: ABCABCABCABC…

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›
 Phase Sequence

For clockwise rotation:

Phase Sequence: CBACBACBACBA…

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›
 Numbering of Phases

The standard numbering is given to the

three phases as follow:

Normally, RYB is taken as positive and RBY

is taken as negative.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›
 Interconnection of Three Phase
System

Two possible connection of Three-Phase

System are:
a) Star / Wye connection
b) Delta / Mesh connection

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Star / Wye Connection

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM ‹#›

 Star / Wye Connection

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Characteristic of Star / Wye
Connection
1. The similar ends of a three-phase
winding are joined together at a point N.
2. The point N is known as star point or
neutral point.
3. The three conductors meeting at point N
are replaced by a single conductor known
as neutral conductor.
4. Such an interconnected system is known
as four-wire, 3-phase system.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Characteristic of Star / Wye
Connection

5. If this three-phase voltage system is

applied across a balanced symmetrical
load, the neutral wire will be carrying
three currents which are exactly equal in
magnitude but are 120° out of phase with
each other.
6. Hence, their vector sum is zero which is:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Voltage and Current in Y-
Connection

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Voltage and Current in Y-
Connection

Four notation need to be remembered:

1. Phase Voltage: Voltage across each
winding
2. Phase Current: Current across each
winding
3. Line Voltage: Voltage across any two
lines
4. Line Current: Current in each line
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

Be noted that:
1. Line voltages are 120˚ apart.
2. Line voltages are 30˚ ahead of their
respective phase voltage.
3. The angle between the line currents and
the corresponding line voltages is (30 +
Φ) with current lagging.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Current and Phase Current

Each line is in series with its individual

phase winding, therefore:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Power

The total active or true power in the circuit is

the sum of the three phase power. Hence:

, and

is the angle between and

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Balanced System

A balanced system should observe the

following:
1. the voltages in all phases are equal in
magnitude and offer in phase from one
another by equal angles, in this case, the
angle = 360/3 = 120°,
2. the currents in the three phases are equal
in magnitude and also differ in phase
from one another by equal angles.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Example

A balanced star-connected load of (8 + j6) Ω

per phase is connected to a balanced 3-
phase 400-V supply. Find the line current,
power factor, power and total volt-amperes.
(Ans: 23.1A, 0.8 lagging, 12800W,
16000VA)

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example

Phase voltages of a star connected

alternator are , ; and . What is the phase
sequence of the system ? Compute the line
voltages and .
(Ans: RYB, 400V)

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example

Given a balanced 3−Φ, 3-wire system with

Y-connected load for which line voltage is
230 V and impedance of each phase is (6 +
j8) ohm. Find the line current and power
absorbed by each phase.
(Ans: 13.3A, 1058W)

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example
When the three identical star-connected coils are
supplied with 440 V, 50 Hz, 3-Φ supply, the 1-Φ
wattmeter whose current coil is connected in line R
and pressure coil across the phase R and neutral
reads 6kW and the ammeter connected in R-
phase reads 30A. Assuming RYB phase sequence
find:
(i) resistance and reactance of the coil,
(ii) the power factor, of the load
(iii) reactive power of 3-Φ load.
(Ans: 6.67Ω, 5.22Ω, 0.787(lag), 14.103 kVA)
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Delta / Mesh Connection

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

In this connection:

In conclusion:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Current and Phase Current

• In this connection:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Current and Phase Current

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Current and Phase Current

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Line Current and Phase Current

1. Line currents are 120º apart;

2. Line currents are 30º behind the
respective phase currents;
3. The angle between the line currents and
the corresponding line voltages is (30 +
Φ) with the current lagging.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Power

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example

A 3-φ, Δ-connected alternator with phase

current, 10 A in magnitude. At the time when
, determine the following, for a phase
sequence of RYB.
a) Polar expression for and and
b) Polar expressions for the three line
current.
Show the phase and line currents on a
phasor diagram.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Example

Three similar coils, each having a resistance

of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 H are
connected in star / mesh to a 3-phase, 50-
Hz supply with 400-V between lines.
Calculate the total power absorbed and the
line current in each case. Draw the vector
diagram of current and voltages.
(Ans: 5035 W / 15095 W)

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example

A Δ-connected balanced 3-phase load is

supplied from a 3-phase, 400-V supply. The
line current is 20 A and the power taken by
the load is 10,000 W. Find
a) impedance in each branch
b) the line current, power factor and power
consumed if the same load is connected
in star.
(Ans: 34.64 Ω, 0.7217, 20 A, 3333 W)
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Example

A three-phase motor operating from a 400V

balanced supply develops output power of
19.5 kW at an efficiency of 0.88 and at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the
line current and the phase current if the
windings are delta-connected.
(Ans: 40A, 23.1A)

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example

Three similar resistors are connected in star

across 400-V, 3-phase lines. The line current
is 5 A. Calculate the impedance of each
load. To what value should the line voltage
be changed to obtain the same line current
with the resistors delta-connected.
(Ans: 46.2 Ω, 133.3 V)

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Star/Delta Conversion

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Balanced Star Connection

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Balanced Delta Connection

Therefore:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Power Measurement in 3-Phase
System

1. Three Wattmeter Method

2. Two Wattmeter Method
3. One Wattmeter Method

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Three Wattmeter Method
In this method, three wattmeters are
inserted one in each phase and the
algebraic sum of their readings gives the
total power consumed by the 3-phase load.
a) a low resistance current coil which is
inserted in series with the line carrying
the current and
b) a high resistance pressure coil which is
connected across the two points whose
potential difference is to be measured.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU
 Delta Connected Load

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Star Connected Load

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 The difficulty

The difficulty with this method is that under

ordinary conditions it is not generally
feasible to break into the phases of a delta-
connected or star-connected load.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Example

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Two Wattmeter Method

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Two Wattmeter Method

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Formulation

Potential Difference for :

Reading of :

Similarly for

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Formulation

Since the load is balanced

Therefore:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 Formulation

Therefore, the summation of the power in

that two wattmeters is the total power in 3
phase.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU

 One Wattmeter Method

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THREE PHASE SYSTEM APU